{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T13:55:10Z","timestamp":1777557310780,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"918","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,4,1]],"date-time":"2002-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1017619200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>One of the leading causes of acute encephalopathy in children in the tropics is Japanese encephalitis (JE). Transmitted by the culex mosquito, this neurotropic virus predominately affects the thalamus, anterior horns of the spinal cord, cerebral cortex, and cerebellum. It mainly affects children &amp;lt;15 years and is mostly asymptomatic. The occasional symptomatic child typically presents with a neurological syndrome characterised by altered sensorium, seizures, and features of intracranial hypertension. Aetiological diagnosis is based on virus isolation or demonstration of virus specific antigen or antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid\/blood. Though no antiviral drug is available against JE, effective supportive management can improve the outcome. Control of JE involves efficient vector control and appropriate use of vaccines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/pmj.78.918.205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T10:30:44Z","timestamp":1027765844000},"page":"205-215","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Japanese viral encephalitis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"S V","family":"Tiroumourougane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research , Pondicherry , India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Raghava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research , Pondicherry , India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Srinivasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research , Pondicherry , India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023042416165501000_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.64.747.18","article-title":"Japanese encephalitis\u2014an important cause of acute childhood encephalopathy in Lucknow, India","volume":"64","author":"Kumar","year":"1988","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R2","first-page":"179","volume-title":"Factors in emergence of arbovirus diseases","author":"Tsai","year":"1997"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R3","first-page":"191","article-title":"Viral encephalitis in Southeast Asia","volume":"2","author":"Solomon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurological Infections and Epidemiology"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R4","first-page":"153","article-title":"The pathology of Japanese encephalitis","volume":"30","author":"Miyake","year":"1964","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1996.tb124960.x","article-title":"An outbreak of JE in the Torres Strait, Australia, 1995","volume":"165","author":"Hanna","year":"1996","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R6","first-page":"1","article-title":"Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)","volume":"42","year":"1993","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.68.4.405","article-title":"Japanese encephalitis","volume":"68","author":"Solomon","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1983.32.170","article-title":"Relationship between number of human Japanese encephalitis cases and summer meteorological conditions in Nagasaki, Japan","volume":"32","author":"Mogi","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R9","first-page":"190","article-title":"Subclinical Japanese encephalitis. Infections of Americans with limited residence in Korea","volume":"75","author":"Halstead","year":"1962","journal-title":"Am J Hyg"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R10","first-page":"356","article-title":"Japanese B encephalitis in American soldiers in Korea","volume":"46","author":"Sabin","year":"1947","journal-title":"Am J Hyg"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1975.24.974","article-title":"The virulence to man of Japanese encephalitis virus in Thailand","volume":"24","author":"Benenson","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R12","first-page":"579","volume-title":"Topley & Wilson\u2019s microbiology and microbial infection","author":"Gubler","year":"1998","edition":"9th"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R13","first-page":"62","volume-title":"Proceedings of the national conference on Japanese encephalitis, 1984","author":"Mishra","year":"1984"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R14","first-page":"109","article-title":"Vector diversity in Japanese encephalitis epidemiology with special reference to West Bengal","volume-title":"Proceedings of the second symposium on vector and vector borne diseases.","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"1997"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02752458","article-title":"Japanese encephalitis in India","volume":"64","author":"Reuben","year":"1997","journal-title":"Indian J Pediatr"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(87)90207-8","article-title":"Partial sequence of the Japanese encephalitis virus genome","volume":"58","author":"McAda","year":"1987","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R17","first-page":"503","volume-title":"The toga viruses","author":"Russell","year":"1980"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R18","first-page":"961","volume-title":"Fields virology","author":"Monath","year":"1996","edition":"3rd"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(08)60263-8","article-title":"Epitope mapping of flavivirus glycoproteins","volume":"31","author":"Heinz","year":"1986","journal-title":"Adv Virus Res"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(91)90034-9","article-title":"Japanese encephalitis virus-vaccinia recombinants produce particulate forms of structural proteins and induce high levels of protection against lethal Japanese encephalitis virus infection","volume":"180","author":"Mason","year":"1991","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R21","first-page":"55","article-title":"Encephalitis epidemica Japonica [abstract]","volume":"95","author":"Hayashi","year":"1931","journal-title":"Allg Z Psychiat"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R22","first-page":"965","article-title":"The pathology of Japanese B encephalitis","volume":"22","author":"Zimmerman","year":"1946","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R23","first-page":"633","article-title":"Etat passe et present de l\u2019encephalite Japonaise an Japon [abstract]","volume":"108","author":"Shiraki","year":"1963","journal-title":"Rev Neurol"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R24","first-page":"63","article-title":"Histopathological examination of central nervous system in protracted cases of encephalitis Japonica [abstract]","volume":"8","author":"Kunimoto","year":"1960","journal-title":"Kyoshu Neuropsychiatr"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R25","first-page":"309","article-title":"A case of protracted (151 days) Japanese B encephalitis","volume":"13","author":"Shiraki","year":"1969","journal-title":"Recent Adv Res Nerv Sys"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R26","first-page":"176","volume-title":"Neurology in the tropics","author":"Ahmed","year":"1999","edition":"1st"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s004410051130","article-title":"Japanese encephalitis virus is transported across the cerebral blood vessels by endocytosis in mouse brain","volume":"293","author":"Liou","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R28","first-page":"493","article-title":"Ultra structure changes of mouse brain neurons infected with Japanese encephalitis virus","volume":"71","author":"Hase","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int J Exp Pathol"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00687029","article-title":"Electron microscopic observation in mice infected with Japanese encephalitis","volume":"13","author":"Oyanagi","year":"1969","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/151.6.1093","article-title":"Kinetics of IgM and IgG response to Japanese encephalitis virus in human serum and cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"151","author":"Burke","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3606","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.141.10.3606","article-title":"Protection of mice against Japanese encephalitis virus by passive administration with monoclonal antibodies","volume":"191","author":"Kimura-Kuroda","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1976.25.733","article-title":"Persistence of virus specific IgM and clinical recovery after Japanese encephalitis","volume":"23","author":"Edelman","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1985.34.1203","article-title":"Fatal outcome in Japanese encephalitis","volume":"34","author":"Burke","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-70-6-1605","article-title":"Antibody-dependent enhancement of yellow fever and Japanese encephalitis neurovirulence","volume":"70","author":"Gould","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(08)60433-9","article-title":"Studies of Japanese encephalitis in China","volume":"27","author":"Huang","year":"1982","journal-title":"Adv Virus Res"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R36","first-page":"337","article-title":"Cross reactions among flaviviruses in macrophage migration inhibition assay","volume":"22","author":"Kelkar","year":"1978","journal-title":"Acta Virol"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-73-5-1115","article-title":"Broad cross-reactivity with marked fine specificity in the cytotoxic T cell response to flaviviruses","volume":"73","author":"Hill","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.1991.4.73","article-title":"In vitro T-cell proliferative response to the flavivirus, West Nile","volume":"4","author":"Kulkarni","year":"1991","journal-title":"Virol Immunol"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R39","first-page":"68","article-title":"Cell-mediated immunity in mice infected with JE virus. II. Passive transfer of immune spleen T cells for life protection in infected mice [abstract]","volume":"5","author":"Jia","year":"1983","journal-title":"Chung Kuo I Hsueh Ko Hsueh Yuan Hsueh Pao"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2000.13.179","article-title":"T-cell activation and induction of antibodies and memory T cells by immunization with inactivated JE vaccine","volume":"13","author":"Aihara","year":"2000","journal-title":"Viral Immunol"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R41","first-page":"337","article-title":"WHO position paper","volume":"73","author":"Japanese encephalitis vaccines","year":"1998","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R42","first-page":"59","article-title":"Japanese encephalitis-virus encephalitis: an overview","volume":"20","author":"Thongcharoen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(87)91819-8","article-title":"Vaccinating against Japanese encephalitis [letter]","volume":"ii","author":"Steffen","year":"1987","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R44","first-page":"573","article-title":"Clinical diagnosis of an arthropod borne type virus encephalitis in children in North Arcot District, Madras State, India","volume":"10","author":"Webb","year":"1956","journal-title":"Indian J Med Sci"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1952.03680040010003","article-title":"Acute phase of Japanese B encephalitis","volume":"150","author":"Lincoln","year":"1952","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R46","first-page":"1393","article-title":"Clinical profile of epidemic of Japanese encephalitis","volume":"54","author":"Sengupta","year":"1976","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R47","first-page":"745","article-title":"The first laboratory proven outbreak of Japanese encephalitis in Goa","volume":"78","author":"Mohan Rao","year":"1983","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R48","first-page":"25","volume-title":"Proceedings of the national conference on Japanese encephalitis, 1984","author":"Gourie-Devi","year":"1984"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R49","first-page":"321","article-title":"Clinical features and prognostic indicators of Japanese encephalitis in children in Lucknow (India)","volume":"91","author":"Kumar","year":"1990","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R50","first-page":"132","volume-title":"7th International congress for infectious diseases","author":"Solomon","year":"1996"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)07509-0","article-title":"Poliomyelitis like illness due to Japanese encephalitis virus","volume":"351","author":"Solomon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.57.12.1484","article-title":"Radiological and neurophysiological changes in Japanese encephalitis","volume":"57","author":"Misra","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-4694(97)00123-5","article-title":"EEG in Japanese encephalitis: a clinico-radiological correlation","volume":"106","author":"Kalita","year":"1998","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R54","first-page":"41","article-title":"A comparative study of Japanese and Herpes simplex encephalitis","volume":"38","author":"Misra","year":"1998","journal-title":"Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.1880080402","article-title":"Japanese encephalitis","volume":"8","author":"Abe","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(99)00318-4","article-title":"Comparison of CT scan and MRI findings in the diagnosis of Japanese encephalitis","volume":"174","author":"Kalita","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R57","first-page":"465","article-title":"Single photon emission CT findings in acute Japanese","volume":"18","author":"Kimura","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1999.tb07349.x","article-title":"SPECT studies of regional cerebral blood flow in 8 patients with Japanese encephalitis in subacute and chronic stage","volume":"99","author":"Kalita","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R59","first-page":"341","article-title":"Isolation of a strain of Japanese encephalitis from the blood of a young patient suffering from cardiovascular collapse","volume":"67","author":"Kim-Thoa","year":"1974","journal-title":"Bull Soc Pathol Exot"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R60","first-page":"1","article-title":"Isolation of Japanese encephalitis and West Nile viruses from peripheral blood of encephalitis patients","volume":"79","author":"Kedarnath","year":"1984","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R61","first-page":"778","volume-title":"Diagnostic procedures for viral, rickettsial and chlamydial infections","author":"Shope","year":"1979"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R62","first-page":"417","article-title":"The epidemic of Japanese encephalitis in Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry","volume":"87","author":"Mohan Rao","year":"1988","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1986.35.1045","article-title":"Isolation of Japanese encephalitis virus in clinical specimens using continuous mosquito cell line","volume":"35","author":"Leake","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R64","first-page":"91","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of bioassay and ELISA for detection of Japanese encephalitis virus in field collected mosquitoes","volume":"26","author":"Gajanana","year":"1995","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-0934(84)90082-X","article-title":"A simplified new method for the identification of arboviruses: virus detection using enzyme immunoassay on cultured cells","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-0934(89)90161-4","article-title":"A reverse passive hemagglutination test for detection of JE virus antigen in cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"23","author":"Ravi","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R67","first-page":"24","article-title":"A rapid method for detection of flavivirus antigens\u2014staphylococcal co-agglutination test using monoclonal antibodies to Japanese encephalitis virus","volume":"33","author":"Zhang","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Virol"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R68","first-page":"207","article-title":"Detection of Japanese encephalitis cell associated antigen in CSF by indirect immunofluorescence","volume":"34","author":"Raghava","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Natl Acad Med Sci"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R69","first-page":"20","article-title":"Immunocytochemical study of mononuclear cells in peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Japanese B encephalitis [abstract]","volume":"23","author":"Deng","year":"1994","journal-title":"Chung Hna Ping Li Hsueh Tsa Chin"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R70","first-page":"172","article-title":"Detection and differentiation of dengue-1 from Japanese encephalitis virus infection by ABC MAC-ELISA [abstract]","volume":"25","author":"Chow","year":"1992","journal-title":"Chung Hua Min Kuo Wei Sheng Wu Chi Mien I Hsueh Tsa Chin"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(84)90008-5","article-title":"Biotin-labelled antigen sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (BLA-S-ELISA) for the detection of Japanese encephalitis antibody in human and a variety of animal sera","volume":"72","author":"Chang","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2030","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.7.2030-2034.1998","article-title":"Rapid diagnosis of Japanese encephalitis by using an immunoglobulin M dot enzyme immunoassay","volume":"36","author":"Solomon","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.16.6.1034-1042.1982","article-title":"ACRIA\u2014antibody capture immunoassay detection of Japanese encephalitis virus Immunoglobulin M and G antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"16","author":"Burke","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1997.tb01192.x","article-title":"Detection of flaviviruses by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction with the universal primer set","volume":"41","author":"Meiyu","year":"1997","journal-title":"Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R75","first-page":"1","article-title":"Detection of Japanese encephalitis virus by reverse transcriptase\/polymerase chain reaction","volume":"42","author":"Paranjpe","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Virol"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200004273421701","article-title":"Clinical features of Nipah virus encephalitis among pig farmers in Malaysia","volume":"342","author":"Goh","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-3542(97)00058-2","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of furanonaphthoquinone derivatives on the replication of Japanese encephalitis virus","volume":"37","author":"Takagami","year":"1998","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890290211","article-title":"Passive protection of mice, goats and monkeys against Japanese encephalitis virus with monoclonal antibodies","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R79","first-page":"564","article-title":"The effect of interferon on Japanese encephalitis virus in vitro","volume":"15","author":"Harinasatu","year":"1984","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/165.4.631","article-title":"Effect of high dose dexamethasone on the outcome of acute encephalitis due to Japanese encephalitis virus","volume":"165","author":"Hoke CH Jr, Vaughn","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3955(16)38409-7","article-title":"Management of pediatric head injury","volume":"39","author":"Ghajar","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8619(18)30031-8","article-title":"Malignant cerebral edema and intracranial hypertension","volume":"13","author":"Bingaman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R83","first-page":"390","article-title":"Relation between cerebral blood and cerebral perfusion pressure [abstract]","volume":"57","author":"Jennet","year":"1970","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(82)80255-2","article-title":"Cerebral perfusion in healthy preterm and term newborn infants","volume":"100","author":"Raju","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(83)80772-0","article-title":"Cerebral perfusion pressure in central nervous system infections of infancy and childhood","volume":"103","author":"Goldstein","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.66.2.198","article-title":"Monitoring and management of increased intracranial pressure in Reye syndrome: results in 29 children","volume":"66","author":"Shaywitz","year":"1980","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.319.7202.110","article-title":"Neurologic support","volume":"319","author":"Grant","year":"199","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1974.41.5.0576","article-title":"Experimental study of relation of fever to cerebral edema","volume":"41","author":"Clasen","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R89","first-page":"645","volume-title":"Textbook of pediatric intensive care","author":"Poss","year":"1995","edition":"1st"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1976.45.4.0432","article-title":"Restricted fluid intake: rational management of the neurosurgical patient","volume":"45","author":"Shenkin","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.56.8.845","article-title":"Management of raised intracranial pressure","volume":"56","author":"Pickard","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R92","first-page":"119","volume-title":"Current neurosurgery","author":"Miller","year":"1992"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1991.75.5.0731","article-title":"Adverse effects of prolonged hyperventilation in patients with severe head injury: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"75","author":"Muizelaar","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R94","first-page":"127","article-title":"Effect of dose and dose schedule on the response of intracranial pressure to mannitol","volume":"10","author":"McGraw","year":"1978","journal-title":"Surg Neurol"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1987.66.3.0440","article-title":"Effect on intracranial pressure of furosemide combined with varying doses and administration rates of mannitol","volume":"66","author":"Roberts","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R96","first-page":"359","article-title":"Clinical study of mannitol and glycerol on raised intracranial pressure and on their rebound phenomenon","volume":"52","author":"Node","year":"1990","journal-title":"Adv Neurol"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1983.59.5.0822","article-title":"Mannitol causes compensatory cerebral vasoconstriction and vasodilation in response to blood viscosity changes","volume":"59","author":"Muizelaar","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1984.61.4.0700","article-title":"Effect of mannitol on intracranial pressure and cerebral blood flow and correlation with pressure auto regulation in severely head-injured patients","volume":"61","author":"Muizelaar","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1992.77.4.0584","article-title":"Aggravation of vasogenic cerebral edema by multiple dose mannitol","volume":"77","author":"Kaufman","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3101(24)00111-7","article-title":"Critical care of children with acute brain injury","volume":"42","author":"Greenwald","year":"1995","journal-title":"Adv Pediatr"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R101","first-page":"787","article-title":"Osmotic serum pressure in patients treated with furosemide and hypertonic mannitol solution [abstract]","volume":"10","author":"Czernicki","year":"1976","journal-title":"Neurol Neurochir Pol"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197510022931407","article-title":"Brain edema","volume":"293","author":"Fishman","year":"1975","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1983.59.6.0945","article-title":"Effect of mannitol and furosemide on blood-brain osmotic gradient and intracranial pressure","volume":"59","author":"Pollay","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198304000-00006","article-title":"Furosemide and mannitol in the treatment of acute experimental intracranial hypertension","volume":"12","author":"Wilkinson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1988.68.3.0424","article-title":"Cerebral blood flow, vasoreactivity and oxygen consumption during barbiturate therapy in severe traumatic brain lesions","volume":"68","author":"Nordstrom","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1985.62.3.0383","article-title":"Failure of prophylactic barbiturate coma in the treatment of severe head injury","volume":"62","author":"Ward","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(98)00265-2","article-title":"Prognosis of Japanese encephalitis: a multivariate analysis","volume":"162","author":"Misra","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R108","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Karnataka Pedicon, 2000 Dec 1\u20133","author":"Gourie-Devi","year":"2000"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)91075-2","article-title":"Effectiveness of live-attenuated Japanese encephalitis vaccine (SA 14\u201314\u20132): a case control study","volume":"347","author":"Hennessy","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1086\/517323","article-title":"Short term safety of live attenuated Japanese encephalitis vaccine (SA 14-14-2): results of a randomised controlled with 26239 subjects","volume":"176","author":"Liu","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R111","first-page":"62","article-title":"Arboviral infections\u2014general considerations for prevention, diagnosis and treatment in travelers","volume":"3","author":"Tsai","year":"1992","journal-title":"Semin Pediatr Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)92707-9","article-title":"Side effects with Japanese encephalitis vaccine [letter]","volume":"337","author":"Anderson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.59.3.316","article-title":"Acute disseminating encephalomyelitis after treatment with Japanese B encephalitis vaccine (Nakayama-Yoken and Beijing strain)","volume":"59","author":"Ohtaki","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(97)00020-0","article-title":"Allergic mucocutaneous reactions to Japanese encephalitis vaccine","volume":"15","author":"Plesner","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-1331.1998.550479.x","article-title":"Neurological complications to vaccination against Japanese encephalitis","volume":"5","author":"Plesner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)91531-X","article-title":"Adverse reactions to Japanese encephalitis vaccine","volume":"338","author":"Ruff","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R117","first-page":"1515","article-title":"Japanese encephalitis virus fusion protein with a protein A expressed in Escherichia coli confers protective immunity in mice","volume":"13","author":"Srivastava","year":"1991","journal-title":"Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1702(96)01323-8","article-title":"A 27-aminoacid coding region of JE virus E-protein expressed in E coli as fusion protein with glutathione-S-transferase elicit neutralizing antibody in mice","volume":"43","author":"Seif","year":"1996","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1993.1064","article-title":"High-level expression of JE virus E protein by recombinant vaccinia virus and enhancement of its extracellular release by the NS3 gene product","volume":"192","author":"Sato","year":"1993","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1159\/000149642","article-title":"Flaviviridae","volume":"24","author":"Westaway","year":"1985","journal-title":"Intervirology"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.mi.44.100190.003245","article-title":"Flaviviruses genome organization, expression and replication","volume":"44","author":"Thomas","year":"1990","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R122","first-page":"599","article-title":"Japanese encephalitis in children in northern Thailand","volume":"20","author":"Ponephrasert","year":"1989","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Heallth"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(94)90060-4","article-title":"Detection of autoantibodies to neural antigen in the CSF of Japanese encephalitis patients and correlation of findings with the outcome","volume":"122","author":"Desai","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890290313","article-title":"Laboratory diagnosis of Japanese encephalitis using monoclonal antibodies and correlation of findings with outcome","volume":"29","author":"Ravi","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/0928-0197(94)90022-1","article-title":"Detection of Japanese encephalitis virus antigens in the cerebrospinal fluid using monoclonal antibodies","volume":"2","author":"Desai","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Virol"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R126","first-page":"1","article-title":"Rapid diagnosis of Japanese encephalitis by immunofluorescent examination of cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"91","author":"Mathur","year":"1990","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0888-0786(94)90016-7","article-title":"Detection of neutralizing antibodies to Japanese encephalitis virus in the cerebrospinal fluid using rapid microneutraliztion test","volume":"6","author":"Desai","year":"1994","journal-title":"Serodiagn Immunother Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R128","first-page":"448","article-title":"Mannitol and other diuretics in severe neurotrauma","volume":"3","author":"Bullock","year":"1995","journal-title":"New Horizons"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268896007327","article-title":"Co-existence of cerebral cysticercosis with Japanese encephalitis: a prognostic modulator","volume":"118","author":"Desai","year":"1997","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"2023042416165501000_R130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198809083191004","article-title":"Protection against Japanese encephalitis by inactivated vaccines","volume":"319","author":"Hoke","year":"1988","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["Postgraduate Medical Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pmj\/article-pdf\/78\/918\/205\/50039928\/postgradmedj-78-205.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pmj\/article-pdf\/78\/918\/205\/50039928\/postgradmedj-78-205.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,6]],"date-time":"2024-01-06T01:40:09Z","timestamp":1704505209000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pmj\/article\/78\/918\/205\/7039087"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,4,1]]},"references-count":130,"journal-issue":{"issue":"918","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,4,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/pmj.78.918.205","relation":{},"ISSN":["0032-5473","1469-0756"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0032-5473","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-0756","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2002,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,4,1]]}}}