{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:59:50Z","timestamp":1787169590147,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"926","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,1]],"date-time":"2002-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1038700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Shaken baby syndrome is the most common cause of death or serious neurological injury resulting from child abuse. It is specific to infancy, when children have unique anatomic features. Subdural and retinal haemorrhages are markers of shaking injury. An American radiologist, John Caffey, coined the name whiplash shaken infant syndrome in 1974. It was, however, a British neurosurgeon, Guthkelch who first described shaking as the cause of subdural haemorrhage in infants. Impact was later thought to play a major part in the causation of brain damage. Recently improved neuropathology and imaging techniques have established the cause of brain injury as hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy. Diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging is the most sensitive and specific method of confirming a shaking injury. Families of children with subdural haemorrhages should be thoroughly investigated by social welfare agencies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/pmj.78.926.732","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,31]],"date-time":"2002-12-31T22:56:24Z","timestamp":1041375384000},"page":"732-735","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Shaken baby syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"I","family":"Blumenthal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023042418240798500_R1","first-page":"361","article-title":"Etude m\u00e9dico-l\u00e9gale sur les services et mauvais traitements exerces sur des enfants.","volume":"13","author":"Tardieu","year":"1860","journal-title":"Ann Hyg Publ Med Leg"},{"key":"2023042418240798500_R2","first-page":"163","article-title":"Multiple fractures in the long bones of infants suffering from subdural hematoma.","volume":"56","author":"Caffey","year":"1946","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"2023042418240798500_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1962.03050270019004","article-title":"The battered-child syndrome.","volume":"181","author":"Kempe","year":"1962","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2023042418240798500_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5759.430","article-title":"Infantile subdural haematoma and its relationship to whiplash injuries.","volume":"ii","author":"Guthkelch","year":"1971","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2023042418240798500_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.317.7172.1558","article-title":"Subdural haemorrhages in infants: population based study.","volume":"317","author":"Jayawant","year":"1998","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2023042418240798500_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)03130-5","article-title":"Annual incidence of shaken impact syndrome in young children.","volume":"356","author":"Barlow","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2023042418240798500_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-200106000-00002","article-title":"Position paper on fatal abusive head injuries in infants and young children.","volume":"22","author":"Case","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"key":"2023042418240798500_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.95.2.259","article-title":"Abusive head trauma: the relationship of perpetrators to their victims.","volume":"95","author":"Starling","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2023042418240798500_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-200093050-00003","article-title":"Perpetrators of abusive head trauma: a comparison of two geographic populations.","volume":"93","author":"Starling","year":"2000","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"key":"2023042418240798500_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2990.2000.026002105.x","article-title":"Traumatic axonal injury: practical issues for diagnosis in medicolegal cases.","volume":"26","author":"Geddes","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol"},{"key":"2023042418240798500_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199806183382507","article-title":"Nonaccidental head injury in infants\u2014the \u201cshaken-baby syndrome\u201d.","volume":"338","author":"Duhaime","year":"1998","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023042418240798500_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410120611","article-title":"Diffuse axonal injury and traumatic coma in the primate.","volume":"12","author":"Gennarelli","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2023042418240798500_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1987.66.3.0409","article-title":"The shaken baby syndrome. 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