{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T10:00:25Z","timestamp":1791021625633,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pract Neurol"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>People with Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease often undergo foot and ankle surgery, as foot deformities are common and cause a degree of functional limitations impairing quality of life. Surgical approaches are variable and there are no evidence-based guidelines. A multidisciplinary approach involving neurology, physical therapy and orthopaedic surgery is ideal to provide guidance on when to refer for surgical opinion and when to intervene. This review outlines the range of foot deformities associated with CMT, their clinical assessment, and their conservative and surgical and postoperative management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/pn-2023-003825","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]],"date-time":"2024-04-17T13:25:22Z","timestamp":1713360322000},"page":"275-284","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Foot surgery for adults with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8264-8676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matilde","family":"Laur\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Barnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foot & Ankle Unit, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital Stanmore Site, Stanmore, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Benfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foot & Ankle Unit, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital Stanmore Site, Stanmore, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gita M","family":"Ramdharry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew J","family":"Welck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foot & Ankle Unit, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital Stanmore Site, Stanmore, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025090410413798000_24.4.275.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000443706"},{"key":"2025090410413798000_24.4.275.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0004.1974.tb00638.x"},{"key":"2025090410413798000_24.4.275.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2011-300285"},{"key":"2025090410413798000_24.4.275.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8027.2011.00335.x"},{"key":"2025090410413798000_24.4.275.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.25724","article-title":"Prevalence and orthopedic management of foot and ankle deformities in Charcot\u2013Marie\u2013tooth disease","volume":"57","author":"Laur\u00e1","year":"2018","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"2025090410413798000_24.4.275.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.220114","article-title":"Charcot-Marie-tooth disease of the foot and ankle: imaging features and pathophysiology","volume":"43","author":"Waldman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"2025090410413798000_24.4.275.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.N.00794","article-title":"Surgical treatment of cavus foot in Charcot-Marie-tooth disease: a review of twenty-four cases: AAOS exhibit selection","volume":"97","author":"Faldini","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"2025090410413798000_24.4.275.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070602701125","article-title":"Current concepts review: orthopaedic aspects of Charcot-Marie-tooth disease","volume":"27","author":"Guyton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"key":"2025090410413798000_24.4.275.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2021-328483"},{"key":"2025090410413798000_24.4.275.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.47795\/EUNI7797","article-title":"An expert opinion: rehabilitation options for people with polyneuropathy","volume":"19","author":"Ramdharry","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACNR"},{"key":"2025090410413798000_24.4.275.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2017.09.005","article-title":"221St ENMC International workshop","volume":"27","author":"Reilly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuromuscul Disord"},{"key":"2025090410413798000_24.4.275.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.bpo.0000226278.16449.c4"},{"key":"2025090410413798000_24.4.275.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2019.04.004","article-title":"Surgical outcomes of cavovarus foot deformity in children with Charcot-Marie-tooth disease","volume":"29","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuromuscul Disord"},{"key":"2025090410413798000_24.4.275.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/jns.12437","article-title":"A prospective study on surgical management of foot deformities in Charcot Marie tooth disease","volume":"26","author":"Ramdharry","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Peripher Nerv Syst"},{"key":"2025090410413798000_24.4.275.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1177\/1071100720922220","article-title":"A consensus statement on the surgical treatment of Charcot-Marie-tooth disease","volume":"41","author":"Pfeffer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"key":"2025090410413798000_24.4.275.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2019.02.002","article-title":"Clinical examination and radiographic assessment of the cavus foot","volume":"24","author":"Akoh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Clin"},{"key":"2025090410413798000_24.4.275.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fas.2020.04.004","article-title":"Pes cavovarus in Charcot-Marie-tooth compared to the idiopathic cavovarus foot: a preliminary weightbearing CT analysis","volume":"27","author":"Bernasconi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Surg"},{"key":"2025090410413798000_24.4.275.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079301400809"},{"key":"2025090410413798000_24.4.275.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mann R , Missirian J . Pathophysiology_of_Charcot_Marie_tooth_disease.39. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1987;221\u20138. doi:10.1097\/00003086-198809000-00039","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198809000-00039"},{"key":"2025090410413798000_24.4.275.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070302400605","article-title":"Muscular imbalances resulting in a clawed hallux","volume":"24","author":"Olson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"key":"2025090410413798000_24.4.275.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.21140"},{"key":"2025090410413798000_24.4.275.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2013.08.010","article-title":"Clinical and radiographic evaluation of the cavus foot: surgical implications","volume":"18","author":"Perera","year":"2013","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Clin"},{"key":"2025090410413798000_24.4.275.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546508314401"},{"key":"2025090410413798000_24.4.275.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2006.08.006"},{"key":"2025090410413798000_24.4.275.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(17)30013-5","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of progressive resistance exercise for Charcot-Marie-tooth disease in children: a randomised, double-blind, sham-controlled trial","volume":"1","author":"Burns","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"2025090410413798000_24.4.275.26","article-title":"Hand rehabilitation treatment for Charcot-Marie-tooth disease: an open label pilot study","volume":"9","author":"Prada","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2025090410413798000_24.4.275.27","first-page":"25","article-title":"Rehabilitation for Charcot Marie tooth: a survey study of patients and familiar\/caregiver perspective and perception of efficacy and needs","volume":"50","author":"Padua","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Phys Rehabil Med"},{"key":"2025090410413798000_24.4.275.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14074","article-title":"Treadmill training in patients affected by Charcot\u2013Marie\u2013tooth neuropathy: results of a multicenter, prospective, randomized, single\u2010blind, controlled study","volume":"27","author":"Mori","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"2025090410413798000_24.4.275.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-023-06998-0","article-title":"Effects of intensive rehabilitation on functioning in patients with mild and moderate Charcot\u2013Marie-tooth disease: a real-practice retrospective study","volume":"45","author":"Ferraro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"2025090410413798000_24.4.275.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S1836-9553(10)70041-2","article-title":"Serial night casting increases ankle dorsiflexion range in children and young adults with Charcot-Marie-tooth disease: a randomised trial","volume":"56","author":"Rose","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Physiother"},{"key":"2025090410413798000_24.4.275.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1179\/1743288X11Y.0000000052","article-title":"Prescription of foot and ankle orthoses for children with Charcot\u2013Marie\u2013tooth disease: a review of the evidence","volume":"17","author":"Scheffers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physical Therapy Reviews"},{"key":"2025090410413798000_24.4.275.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7547\/0960205"},{"key":"2025090410413798000_24.4.275.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e31821f7172"},{"key":"2025090410413798000_24.4.275.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pri.531"},{"key":"2025090410413798000_24.4.275.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215511426802"},{"key":"2025090410413798000_24.4.275.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2013.07.121","article-title":"Functional and dynamic response characteristics of a custom composite ankle foot orthosis for Charcot\u2013Marie\u2013tooth patients","volume":"39","author":"Dufek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"2025090410413798000_24.4.275.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364613506250"},{"key":"2025090410413798000_24.4.275.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Disler P , Turner-Stokes L , Wade D , et al . Rehabilitation interventions for foot drop in neuromuscular disease. In: Disler P , ed. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2002. Available: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD003908","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003908"},{"key":"2025090410413798000_24.4.275.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.11124\/JBISRIR-2016-003229","article-title":"Effects of foot and ankle devices on balance, gait and falls in adults with sensory perception loss: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Paton","year":"2016","journal-title":"JBI Database System Rev Implement Rep"},{"key":"2025090410413798000_24.4.275.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17483107.2010.549899"},{"key":"2025090410413798000_24.4.275.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3310\/hta20220"},{"key":"2025090410413798000_24.4.275.42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bertini A , Manganelli F , Fabrizi GM , et al . Use, tolerability, benefits and side effects of orthotic devices in Charcot-Marie-tooth disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2023. doi:10.1136\/jnnp-2023-332422","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2023-332422"},{"key":"2025090410413798000_24.4.275.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-200509000-00004"},{"key":"2025090410413798000_24.4.275.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2013.08.012","article-title":"Arthrodesis for the cavus foot. When, where, and how?","volume":"18","author":"Zide","year":"2013","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Clin"},{"key":"2025090410413798000_24.4.275.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.L.01749"},{"key":"2025090410413798000_24.4.275.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3113\/FAI.2007.1128"},{"key":"2025090410413798000_24.4.275.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2013.08.005"},{"key":"2025090410413798000_24.4.275.48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.3113\/FAI.2007.1041","article-title":"Chronic lateral ankle instability and associated conditions: a rationale for treatment","volume":"28","author":"Strauss","year":"2007","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"key":"2025090410413798000_24.4.275.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.2890.709"},{"key":"2025090410413798000_24.4.275.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.G.01356"},{"key":"2025090410413798000_24.4.275.51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0b013e32834e9051","article-title":"Pediatric orthopedic conditions in Charcot-Marie-tooth disease: a literature review","volume":"24","author":"Yagerman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pediatr"},{"key":"2025090410413798000_24.4.275.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fas.2009.10.002"},{"key":"2025090410413798000_24.4.275.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2569","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-021-04978-7","article-title":"Functional results and quality of life after joint preserving or sacrificing surgery in Charcot-Marie-tooth foot deformities","volume":"45","author":"Tejero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"key":"2025090410413798000_24.4.275.54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198062060-00010","article-title":"Pes cavovarus. review of a surgical approach using selective soft-tissue procedures","volume":"62","author":"Paulos","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"2025090410413798000_24.4.275.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2005.08.002"},{"key":"2025090410413798000_24.4.275.56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-1146-1-6","article-title":"Normative values for the foot posture index","volume":"1","author":"Redmond","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Foot Ankle Res"}],"container-title":["Practical Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/pn-2023-003825","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T17:41:49Z","timestamp":1757007709000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pn.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/pn-2023-003825"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/pn-2023-003825"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/pn-2023-003825","relation":{},"ISSN":["1474-7758","1474-7766"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1474-7758","type":"print"},{"value":"1474-7766","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]]}}}