{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T02:17:13Z","timestamp":1792117033882,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1106","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,23]],"date-time":"2017-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1506124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Uveitis describes a group of conditions characterised by intraocular inflammation. The term uveitis technically describes inflammation of the uvea which comprises the iris, ciliary body and choroid, however now encompasses inflammation of adjacent intraocular structures such as the retina, vitreous and optic nerve. Uveitis is a significant cause of blindness worldwide, but its impact is generally underappreciated due to a lack of awareness and understanding of the condition among the public and most non-ophthalmic healthcare professionals. In this review, we provide an introduction to uveitis for the non-specialist, outlining the clinical presentations that should raise the suspicion of the disease, the signs that should be looked for and a framework in which to understand the condition. We show how a logical approach to classifying uveitis by aetiology and anatomical focus of disease provides the basis for treatment strategies (drug and route of administration) and clinical presentation and prognosis. We also show why understanding uveitis is helpful to clinicians working in almost every speciality due to the wide-ranging associations with systemic disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/postgradmedj-2017-134891","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,24]],"date-time":"2017-09-24T00:10:25Z","timestamp":1506211825000},"page":"766-773","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":115,"title":["Uveitis: a sight-threatening disease which can impact all systems"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Unnat","family":"Krishna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust , Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deji","family":"Ajanaku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust , Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alastair K","family":"Denniston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust , Birmingham, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Rare Diseases, Institute of Translational Medicine, Birmingham Health Partners , Birmingham, UK"},{"name":"Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, UK"},{"name":"NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theodora","family":"Gkika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust , Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023041308455742200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c4976","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c4976","article-title":"Investigation and management of uveitis","volume":"341","author":"Guly","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2023041308455742200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1159\/000078612","article-title":"Uveitis: a potentially blinding disease","volume":"218","author":"Durrani","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"2023041308455742200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2003.06.014","article-title":"Incidence and prevalence of uveitis in Northern California; the Northern California Epidemiology of Uveitis Study","volume":"111","author":"Gritz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"2023041308455742200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.05.026","article-title":"Epidemiology of uveitis among the Chinese population in Taiwan","volume":"119","author":"Hwang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"2023041308455742200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.07.001","article-title":"The ocular immunology and uveitis foundation prefered practice patterns of uveitis management","volume":"61","author":"Foster","year":"2016","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2023041308455742200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.3109\/09273948.2013.855799","article-title":"The Manchester Uveitis Clinic: the first 3000 patients--epidemiology and casemix","volume":"23","author":"Jones","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"2023041308455742200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-1302-132","article-title":"Epidemiology of uveitis in a referral hospital in Turkey","volume":"44","author":"\u00c7akar \u00d6zdal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Turk J Med Sci"},{"key":"2023041308455742200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S80972","article-title":"Epidemiology of uveitis in the mid-Atlantic United States","volume":"9","author":"Bajwa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2023041308455742200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2013.4237","article-title":"Incidence and prevalence of uveitis: results from the Pacific Ocular Inflammation Study","volume":"131","author":"Acharya","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2023041308455742200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12675","article-title":"Epidemiology of uveitis in a Western urban multiethnic population. The challenge of globalization","volume":"93","author":"Lloren\u00e7","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2023041308455742200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.080102","article-title":"Uveitis subtypes in a german interdisciplinary uveitis center--analysis of 1916 patients","volume":"36","author":"Jakob","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2023041308455742200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/09273940801899822","article-title":"International Uveitis Study Group (IUSG): clinical classification of uveitis","volume":"16","author":"Deschenes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"2023041308455742200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780199679980.001.0001","volume-title":"Oxford handbook of ophthalmology","author":"Denniston","year":"2014","edition":"3rd edn"},{"key":"2023041308455742200_","first-page":"509","article-title":"Results of the first international workshop","volume":"140","author":"Jabs","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2023041308455742200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-7-57","article-title":"Uveitis- a rare disease often associated with systemic diseases and infections- a systematic review of 2619 patients","volume":"7","author":"Barisani-Asenbauer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"key":"2023041308455742200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2011.06.006","article-title":"Extra-articular manifestations of ankylosing spondylitis: prevalence, characteristics and therapeutic implications","volume":"22","author":"El Maghraoui","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"2023041308455742200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2007.075754","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of uveitis in the spondyloarthropathies: a systematic literature review","volume":"67","author":"Zeboulon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"2023041308455742200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-015-2960-8","article-title":"Uveitis in spondyloarthritis including psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"34","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"2023041308455742200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.07.025","article-title":"Hypopyon in patients with uveitis","volume":"117","author":"Zaidi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"2023041308455742200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1996.01100130585016","article-title":"Referral patterns of uveitis in a tertiary eye care center","volume":"114","author":"Rodriguez","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2023041308455742200_","first-page":"1891","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy for uveitis: current management and emerging therapy","volume":"8","author":"Barry","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2023041308455742200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.84.3.233","article-title":"Uveitis in HIV positive patients","volume":"84","author":"Cunningham","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2023041308455742200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/1869-5760-3-43","article-title":"Drug-induced uveitis","volume":"3","author":"London","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect"},{"key":"2023041308455742200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/IIO.0b013e3181d2cc6b","article-title":"The epidemiology of uveitis in developing countries","volume":"50","author":"London","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol Clin"},{"key":"2023041308455742200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.5301\/ejo.5000278","article-title":"Review on the worldwide epidemiology of uveitis","volume":"23","author":"Miserocchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2023041308455742200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199908200-00009","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors for developing cytomegalovirus retinitis in HIV-infected patients receiving protease inhibitor therapy. Spanish CMV-AIDS Study Group","volume":"13","author":"Casado","year":"1999","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2023041308455742200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/971417","article-title":"Immune recovery uveitis: pathogenesis, clinical symptoms, and treatment","volume":"2014","author":"Urban","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"key":"2023041308455742200_","volume-title":"Principles and practice of infectious diseases","author":"Bennett","year":"2014","edition":"8th edn"},{"key":"2023041308455742200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60761-720-4_22","article-title":"Rodent models of experimental autoimmune uveitis","volume":"900","author":"Agarwal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"2023041308455742200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-015-0502-y","article-title":"Non-infectious uveitis: optimising the therapeutic response","volume":"76","author":"Airody","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"2023041308455742200_","article-title":"Understanding autoinflammatory diseases","author":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","year":"2016"},{"key":"2023041308455742200_","first-page":"42","article-title":"Uveitis: pathogenesis, clinical presentations and treatment","volume":"4","author":"Mustafa","year":"2014","journal-title":"IOSR Journal of Pharmacy"},{"key":"2023041308455742200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(90)90051-A","article-title":"Guilt by association: HLA-B27 and ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"11","author":"Benjamin","year":"1990","journal-title":"Immunol Today"},{"key":"2023041308455742200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.58468","article-title":"Current approach in diagnosis and management of anterior uveitis","volume":"58","author":"Agrawal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2023041308455742200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-013-9822-7","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography imaging in uveitis","volume":"34","author":"Onal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2023041308455742200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.03.006","article-title":"Objective measurement of vitreous inflammation using optical coherence tomography","volume":"121","author":"Keane","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"2023041308455742200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s12348-016-0073-4","article-title":"Adjunctive use of systematic retinal thickness map analysis to monitor disease activity in punctate inner choroidopathy","volume":"6","author":"Madhusudhan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect"},{"key":"2023041308455742200_","article-title":"Clinical Knowledge Summaries: Uveitis","author":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)"},{"key":"2023041308455742200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1614160","article-title":"Adalimumab plus Methotrexate for Uveitis in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis","volume":"376","author":"Ramanan","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023041308455742200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1509852","article-title":"Adalimumab in Patients with Active Noninfectious Uveitis","volume":"375","author":"Jaffe","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023041308455742200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31339-3","article-title":"Adalimumab for prevention of uveitic flare in patients with inactive non-infectious uveitis controlled by corticosteroids (VISUAL II): a multicentre, double-masked, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial","volume":"388","author":"Nguyen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["Postgraduate Medical Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pmj\/article-pdf\/93\/1106\/766\/49840081\/postgradmedj-93-766.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pmj\/article-pdf\/93\/1106\/766\/49840081\/postgradmedj-93-766.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,26]],"date-time":"2023-08-26T09:03:45Z","timestamp":1693040625000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pmj\/article\/93\/1106\/766\/6984370"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,23]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1106","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/postgradmedj-2017-134891","relation":{},"ISSN":["1469-0756","0032-5473"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1469-0756","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0032-5473","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,23]]}}}