{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T01:12:25Z","timestamp":1784941945681,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pract Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) is a neurodegenerative syndrome dominated by deterioration of higher visual function (particularly visuospatial and visuoperceptual abilities). It is most commonly due to Alzheimer's disease pathology, but may also be caused by dementia with Lewy bodies, corticobasal degeneration or Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Patients often present to optometrists, ophthalmologists and\/or neurologists with non-specific visual complaints, and unless clinicians seek the specific symptoms and signs of PCA (beyond that of the \u2018standard\u2019 neurological examination), this infrequent disorder is easily missed, delaying its diagnosis and treatment. We review the clinical features of PCA, focusing on its visual manifestations, to help neurologists recognise this important syndrome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/practneurol-2014-000883","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,13]],"date-time":"2014-09-13T03:37:38Z","timestamp":1410579458000},"page":"5-13","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Hiding in plain sight: a closer look at posterior cortical atrophy"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Shin C","family":"Beh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brinda","family":"Muthusamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Calabresi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Hart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA"},{"name":"School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, UT Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Zee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivek","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elliot","family":"Frohman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025090410145003000_15.1.5.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(11)70289-7"},{"key":"2025090410145003000_15.1.5.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1988.00520310107024"},{"key":"2025090410145003000_15.1.5.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.54.5.443"},{"key":"2025090410145003000_15.1.5.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.52.1.71","article-title":"Neuroanatomic correlates of visual agnosia in Alzheimer's disease: a clinicopathologic study","volume":"52","author":"Giannakopoulos","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2025090410145003000_15.1.5.5","first-page":"341","article-title":"Posterior cortical atrophy","volume":"7","author":"Zakzanis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2025090410145003000_15.1.5.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.72.2.162"},{"key":"2025090410145003000_15.1.5.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000058331"},{"key":"2025090410145003000_15.1.5.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000140289.18472.15"},{"key":"2025090410145003000_15.1.5.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000140290.80962.BF"},{"key":"2025090410145003000_15.1.5.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000196477.78548.db"},{"key":"2025090410145003000_15.1.5.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1994.00540150063018"},{"key":"2025090410145003000_15.1.5.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.1.68"},{"key":"2025090410145003000_15.1.5.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(03)00732-2"},{"key":"2025090410145003000_15.1.5.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199003000-00008"},{"key":"2025090410145003000_15.1.5.15","first-page":"76","article-title":"The evolution of alexia and simultanagnosia in posterior cortical atrophy","volume":"11","author":"Mendez","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol"},{"key":"2025090410145003000_15.1.5.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1080\/13554794.2010.504729","article-title":"Abnormal visual phenomena in posterior cortical atrophy","volume":"17","author":"Crutch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurocase"},{"key":"2025090410145003000_15.1.5.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0b013e31826b9454","article-title":"Complex visual manifestations of posterior cortical atrophy","volume":"32","author":"Rene","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"key":"2025090410145003000_15.1.5.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2006.08.002"},{"key":"2025090410145003000_15.1.5.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/neucas\/2.6.495"},{"key":"2025090410145003000_15.1.5.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02643290701754240"},{"key":"2025090410145003000_15.1.5.21","first-page":"52","article-title":"Alexia and agraphia in posterior cortical atrophy","volume":"10","author":"Ardila","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol"},{"key":"2025090410145003000_15.1.5.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(94)90338-7","article-title":"Investigation of a patient with severely impaired direction discrimination: evidence against the intersection-of-constraints model","volume":"34","author":"Victor","year":"1994","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"2025090410145003000_15.1.5.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-4580(93)90105-K"},{"key":"2025090410145003000_15.1.5.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1992.00530250097023"},{"key":"2025090410145003000_15.1.5.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(77)90012-3"},{"key":"2025090410145003000_15.1.5.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/114.4.1523"},{"key":"2025090410145003000_15.1.5.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2009.05.002","article-title":"Global perception in simultanagnosia is not as simple as a game of connect-the-dots","volume":"49","author":"Dalrymple","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vis Res"},{"key":"2025090410145003000_15.1.5.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(98)00187-1"},{"key":"2025090410145003000_15.1.5.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00145","article-title":"A world unglued: simultanagnosia as a spatial restriction of attention","volume":"7","author":"Dalrymple","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"2025090410145003000_15.1.5.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2006.07.013","article-title":"Seeing trees OR seeing forests in simultanagnosia: attentional capture can be local or global","volume":"45","author":"Dalrymple","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2025090410145003000_15.1.5.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.37.10.1642","article-title":"Looking but not seeing: attention, perception, and eye movements in simultanagnosia","volume":"37","author":"Rizzo","year":"1987","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2025090410145003000_15.1.5.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2006.05.012","article-title":"Restricted ovular exploration does not seem to explain simultanagnosia","volume":"44","author":"Clavagnier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2025090410145003000_15.1.5.33","unstructured":"Leigh RJ Zee DS . The neurology of eye movements. 4th edn. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006."},{"key":"2025090410145003000_15.1.5.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00294","article-title":"Posterior cortical atrophy: visuomotor deficits in reaching and grasping","volume":"7","author":"Meek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"2025090410145003000_15.1.5.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2006.00778.x","article-title":"Complex visual hallucination and mirror sign in posterior cortical atrophy","volume":"114","author":"Yoshida","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"2025090410145003000_15.1.5.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.71.4.515"},{"key":"2025090410145003000_15.1.5.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(97)00049-3"},{"key":"2025090410145003000_15.1.5.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181b59c07"},{"key":"2025090410145003000_15.1.5.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2006.05.026"},{"key":"2025090410145003000_15.1.5.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.74.11.1521"},{"key":"2025090410145003000_15.1.5.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2012.11.004","article-title":"Shining a light on posterior cortical atrophy","volume":"9","author":"Crutch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"}],"container-title":["Practical Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/practneurol-2014-000883","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T17:15:01Z","timestamp":1757006101000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pn.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/practneurol-2014-000883"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,12]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/practneurol-2014-000883"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/practneurol-2014-000883","relation":{},"ISSN":["1474-7758","1474-7766"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1474-7758","type":"print"},{"value":"1474-7766","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,12]]}}}