{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T17:03:34Z","timestamp":1790960614310,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pract Neurol"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (or Tourette\u2019s syndrome) has a prevalence of 1% of children with a wide range of severity and associated comorbidities. The last 20\u2009years have seen advances in the understanding of the syndrome\u2019s complex genetics and underlying neurobiology. Investigation with imaging and neurophysiology techniques indicate it is a neurodevelopmental condition with dysfunction of basal ganglia\u2013cortical interactions, which are now also being studied in animal models. There is also increasing evidence for treatments although it often remains difficult to manage. First-line options include neuroleptics, other drugs and specialised behavioural treatments. Deep brain stimulation is an evolving field, not yet fully established. This review focuses on the phenomenology of tics, how to assess and manage the syndrome, and uses examples of atypical cases to explore the characteristics and limits of its clinical spectrum.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/practneurol-2017-001755","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,10]],"date-time":"2018-04-10T12:26:38Z","timestamp":1523363198000},"page":"262-270","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Tourette\u2019s syndrome and its borderland"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Jeremy S","family":"Stern","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025090410364713000_18.4.262.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23202","article-title":"\u2018Trousseau\u2019s disease\u2019: a description of the Gilles de la Tourette syndrome 12 years before 1885","volume":"25","author":"Rickards","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2025090410364713000_18.4.262.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(14)00132-1","article-title":"A personal 35 year perspective on Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: prevalence, phenomenology, comorbidities, and coexistent psychopathologies","volume":"2","author":"Robertson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025090410364713000_18.4.262.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.102.1.14"},{"key":"2025090410364713000_18.4.262.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1980.01780250029002"},{"key":"2025090410364713000_18.4.262.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2014.08.007","article-title":"The neural correlates of tic inhibition in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome","volume":"65","author":"Ganos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2025090410364713000_18.4.262.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870060309"},{"key":"2025090410364713000_18.4.262.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23484","article-title":"The clinical syndrome of primary tic disorder associated with dystonia: a large clinical series and a review of the literature","volume":"26","author":"Dam\u00e1sio","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2025090410364713000_18.4.262.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23994"},{"key":"2025090410364713000_18.4.262.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.chi.0000251210.98749.83"},{"key":"2025090410364713000_18.4.262.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0012162200000839"},{"key":"2025090410364713000_18.4.262.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.3.425"},{"key":"2025090410364713000_18.4.262.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rizzo R , Gulisano M , Cal\u00ec PV , et al . 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