{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T10:56:12Z","timestamp":1759056972115,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pract Neurol"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We present two historic cases of severe encephalopathy associated with antithyroid antibodies. The first was published by Lord Brain of Eynsham, and the second was from our department\u2019s archives. Although both cases are from archival sources, they continue to inform current clinical care. We briefly review the poorly defined entity, Hashimoto\u2019s encephalopathy, and discuss diagnostic advances for autoimmune encephalopathy and for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. We advocate for giving a trial of corticosteroids to patients with \u2018encephalopathy, not otherwise specified\u2019 while awaiting antibody results or more definitive testing. Our case, initially diagnosed as having Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, responded remarkably (with video evidence) to a trial of corticosteroids.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/practneurol-2018-002107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,26]],"date-time":"2019-06-26T17:16:05Z","timestamp":1561569365000},"page":"316-320","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Learning from history: Lord Brain and Hashimoto\u2019s encephalopathy"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Grace F","family":"Crotty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Colin","family":"Doherty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isaac H","family":"Solomon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James D","family":"Berry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin A","family":"Samuels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025090409510060000_19.4.316.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5531.56"},{"key":"2025090409510060000_19.4.316.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(47)90093-7","article-title":"Spontaneous compression of both median nerves in the carpal tunnel; six cases treated surgically","volume":"1","author":"Brain","year":"1947","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025090409510060000_19.4.316.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/80.4.456"},{"key":"2025090409510060000_19.4.316.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(66)92876-5"},{"key":"2025090409510060000_19.4.316.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.73.5.601"},{"key":"2025090409510060000_19.4.316.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.87.2.489"},{"key":"2025090409510060000_19.4.316.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.66.2.172","article-title":"Hashimoto's encephalitis as a differential diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease","volume":"66","author":"Seipelt","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025090409510060000_19.4.316.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4087-0.00048-6","article-title":"Thyroid disease and the nervous system","volume":"120","author":"Wood-Allum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"2025090409510060000_19.4.316.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-8467(01)00132-9","article-title":"Autoimmune thyroiditis and acquired demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy","volume":"103","author":"Polizzi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"2025090409510060000_19.4.316.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2011.7.3.168"},{"key":"2025090409510060000_19.4.316.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.63.2.197"},{"key":"2025090409510060000_19.4.316.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.7.1579","article-title":"Nonvasculitic autoimmune inflammatory meningoencephalitis (NAIM): a reversible form of encephalopathy","volume":"53","author":"Caselli","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2025090409510060000_19.4.316.13","first-page":"1","article-title":"Encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroid disease: a potentially reversible condition","volume":"2016","author":"Correia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Case Rep Med"},{"key":"2025090409510060000_19.4.316.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tamagno G , Celik Y , Sim\u00f3 R , et al . 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