{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T17:57:43Z","timestamp":1771351063094,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["205167\/Z\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["205167\/Z\/16\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pract Neurol"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Visual hallucinations have intrigued neurologists and physicians for generations due to patients\u2019 vivid and fascinating descriptions. They are most commonly associated with Parkinson\u2019s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies, but also occur in people with visual loss, where they are known as Charles Bonnet syndrome. More rarely, they can develop in other neurological conditions, such as thalamic or midbrain lesions, when they are known as peduncular hallucinosis. This review considers the mechanisms underlying visual hallucinations across diagnoses, including visual loss, network dysfunction across the brain and changes in neurotransmitters. We propose a framework to explain why visual hallucinations occur most commonly in Parkinson\u2019s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies, and discuss treatment approaches to visual hallucinations in these conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/practneurol-2021-003016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T13:22:58Z","timestamp":1620912178000},"page":"327-332","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Visual hallucinations"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5092-6325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rimona S","family":"Weil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dementia Research Centre, University College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A J","family":"Lees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, University College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025090410585895000_21.4.327.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.4.733"},{"key":"2025090410585895000_21.4.327.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181fd6158"},{"key":"2025090410585895000_21.4.327.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004058"},{"key":"2025090410585895000_21.4.327.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2015.10.006","article-title":"Prevalence of visual hallucinations in a national low vision client population","volume":"51","author":"Gordon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025090410585895000_21.4.327.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.11.2227"},{"key":"2025090410585895000_21.4.327.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-019-0582-1","article-title":"The Charles Bonnet syndrome: a systematic review of diagnostic criteria","volume":"21","author":"Hamedani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Neurol"},{"key":"2025090410585895000_21.4.327.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1221","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30393-5","article-title":"Global causes of blindness and distance vision impairment 1990-2020: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Flaxman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2025090410585895000_21.4.327.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-013-6857-7","article-title":"Charles Bonnet syndrome: two case reports and review of the literature","volume":"260","author":"Lerario","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"2025090410585895000_21.4.327.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-015-7687-6","article-title":"On visual hallucinations and cortical networks: a trans-diagnostic review","volume":"262","author":"Carter","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"2025090410585895000_21.4.327.10","first-page":"1359","article-title":"Les troubles psychosensorielles dans les l\u00e9sions Du m\u00e9senc\u00e9phale","volume":"38","author":"Lhermitte","year":"1922","journal-title":"Rev Neurol"},{"key":"2025090410585895000_21.4.327.11","first-page":"608","article-title":"L\u2019hallucinose pedonculaire","volume":"43","author":"Van Bogaert","year":"1927","journal-title":"Rev Neurol"},{"key":"2025090410585895000_21.4.327.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awv228"},{"key":"2025090410585895000_21.4.327.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S233","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbu036","article-title":"Visual hallucinations in the psychosis spectrum and comparative information from neurodegenerative disorders and eye disease","volume":"40 Suppl 4","author":"Waters","year":"2014","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"2025090410585895000_21.4.327.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbaa117","article-title":"Hallucinations under Psychedelics and in the schizophrenia spectrum: an interdisciplinary and multiscale comparison","volume":"46","author":"Leptourgos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"2025090410585895000_21.4.327.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.012","article-title":"Meta-Analytic evidence for the plurality of mechanisms in Transdiagnostic structural MRI studies of hallucination status","volume":"8","author":"Rollins","year":"2019","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"2025090410585895000_21.4.327.16","unstructured":"Masters RELH J . 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