{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T07:14:34Z","timestamp":1763018074040,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"9","funder":[{"name":"Avanos Medical","award":["Avanos donated cadavers for dissection in this stu"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Avanos donated cadavers for dissection in this stu"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Reg Anesth Pain Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The terminal sensory branches innervating the shoulder joint are potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of shoulder pain. This cadaveric study investigated in detail the anatomic pathway of the posterior terminal sensory branch of the axillary nerve (AN) and its relationship to nearby anatomic structures for applications, such as nerve block or ablation of the shoulder joint.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>For this study, nine shoulders were dissected. Following dissection, methylene blue was used to stain the pathway of the terminal sensory branches of the AN to provide a visual relationship to the nearby bony structures. A transparent grid was overlaid on the humeral head to provide further detailed information regarding the innervation to the shoulder joint.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Eight of the nine shoulders displayed terminal sensory branches of the AN. The terminal sensory branches of the AN innervated the posterolateral head of the humerus and shoulder capsule and were deep and distal to the motor branches innervating the deltoid muscle and teres minor muscle. All terminal branches dissected innervated the shoulder capsule at the posteroinferior-lateral aspect of the greater tuberosity of the humerus. All specimens displayed innervation to the shoulder joint in the lateral most 25% and inferior most 37.5% before methylene blue staining.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The terminal sensory branches of the AN consistently innervate the inferior and lateral aspects of the posterior humeral head and shoulder capsule. These nerves are easily accessible and would provide a practical target for nerve block or ablation to relieve shoulder pain without compromising motor integrity.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2019-100560","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,9]],"date-time":"2019-07-09T06:25:13Z","timestamp":1562653513000},"page":"875-880","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Quantitative analysis of the distal, lateral, and posterior articular branches of the axillary nerve to the shoulder: implications for intervention"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Brittany","family":"Bickelhaupt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maxim S","family":"Eckmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Brennick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Omid B","family":"Rahimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025090415002251000_44.9.875.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.57.11.649"},{"key":"2025090415002251000_44.9.875.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-0173"},{"key":"2025090415002251000_44.9.875.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2016.1140829","article-title":"Effects of chronic shoulder pain on quality of life and occupational engagement in the population with chronic spinal cord injury: preparing for the best outcomes with occupational therapy","volume":"39","author":"Silvestri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Disability and Rehabilitation"},{"key":"2025090415002251000_44.9.875.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2014.01.016","article-title":"Evaluation and treatment of shoulder pain","volume":"98","author":"Greenberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"2025090415002251000_44.9.875.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.54.12.959"},{"key":"2025090415002251000_44.9.875.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2017.03.016","article-title":"Posterior glenoid bone grafting in total shoulder arthroplasty for osteoarthritis with severe posterior glenoid wear","volume":"26","author":"Nicholson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery"},{"key":"2025090415002251000_44.9.875.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2016.03.009"},{"key":"2025090415002251000_44.9.875.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de SA D AME , Lian J , Crum RJ , et al . 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