{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T13:30:29Z","timestamp":1792935029858,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":344,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,3]],"date-time":"2020-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585872000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MIRROR, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Dept. of Defense","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04r3kq386","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Reg Anesth Pain Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n The past two decades have witnessed a surge in the use of lumbar facet blocks and radiofrequency ablation (RFA) to treat low back pain (LBP), yet nearly all aspects of the procedures remain controversial.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n After approval by the Board of Directors of the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, letters were sent to a dozen pain societies, as well as representatives from the US Departments of Veterans Affairs and Defense. A steering committee was convened to select preliminary questions, which were revised by the full committee. Questions were assigned to 4\u20135 person modules, who worked with the Subcommittee Lead and Committee Chair on preliminary versions, which were sent to the full committee. We used a modified Delphi method, whereby the questions were sent to the committee en bloc and comments were returned in a non-blinded fashion to the Chair, who incorporated the comments and sent out revised versions until consensus was reached.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n 17 questions were selected for guideline development, with 100% consensus achieved by committee members on all topics. All societies except for one approved every recommendation, with one society dissenting on two questions (number of blocks and cut-off for a positive block before RFA), but approving the document. Specific questions that were addressed included the value of history and physical examination in selecting patients for blocks, the value of imaging in patient selection, whether conservative treatment should be used before injections, whether imaging is necessary for block performance, the diagnostic and prognostic value of medial branch blocks (MBB) and intra-articular (IA) injections, the effects of sedation and injectate volume on validity, whether facet blocks have therapeutic value, what the ideal cut-off value is for a prognostic block, how many blocks should be performed before RFA, how electrodes should be oriented, the evidence for larger lesions, whether stimulation should be used before RFA, ways to mitigate complications, if different standards should be applied to clinical practice and clinical trials and the evidence for repeating RFA (see table 12 for summary).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Lumbar medial branch RFA may provide benefit to well-selected individuals, with MBB being more predictive than IA injections. More stringent selection criteria are likely to improve denervation outcomes, but at the expense of more false-negatives. Clinical trials should be tailored based on objectives, and selection criteria for some may be more stringent than what is ideal in clinical practice.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2019-101243","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,3]],"date-time":"2020-04-03T15:25:51Z","timestamp":1585927551000},"page":"424-467","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":317,"title":["Consensus practice guidelines on interventions for lumbar facet joint pain from a multispecialty, international working group"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5928-2127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven P","family":"Cohen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesiology, Pain Medicine Division, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arun","family":"Bhaskar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesiology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust Haemodialysis Clinic Hayes Satellite Unit, Hayes, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anuj","family":"Bhatia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesia and Pain Management, University of Toronto and University Health Network\u2014Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asokumar","family":"Buvanendran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Deer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spine & Nerve Centers, Charleston, West Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuchita","family":"Garg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5645-6355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"W Michael","family":"Hooten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert W","family":"Hurley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian C","family":"McLean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesiology, Tripler Army Medical Center, Tripler Army Medical Center, Hawaii, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jee Youn","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept of Anesthesiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, The Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samer","family":"Narouze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pain Medicine, Summa Western Reserve Hospital, Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjog","family":"Pangarkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David Anthony","family":"Provenzano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pain Diagnostics and Interventional Care, Sewickley, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Rauck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carolinas Pain Institute, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B Todd","family":"Sitzman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Pain Therapy, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Smuck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept.of Orthopaedic Surgery, Division of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Stanford Medicine, Stanford, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5389-2036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"van Zundert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Ziekenhuis Oost-Limburg, Lanaken, Belgium"},{"name":"Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Vorenkamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesiology, Duke Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark S","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesiology, UCSD Medical Center\u2014Thornton Hospital, San Diego, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zirong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology, VA Healthcare Center District of Columbia, Washington, District of Columbia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E869","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2012\/15\/E869","article-title":"An update of the systematic assessment of the diagnostic accuracy of lumbar facet joint nerve blocks","volume":"15","author":"Falco","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1097\/00002517-199602000-00007","article-title":"Persistent back pain and sciatica in the United States: patient characteristics","volume":"9","author":"Long","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Spinal Disord"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4055\/cios.2014.6.4.385"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318184ef95"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2009.10.018"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e31825f53bf","article-title":"Establishing an optimal \"cutoff\" threshold for diagnostic lumbar facet blocks: a prospective correlational study","volume":"29","author":"Cohen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181e33ae5"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2012.01500.x","article-title":"Correlation of lumbar medial branch neurotomy results with diagnostic medial branch block cutoff values to optimize therapeutic outcome","volume":"13","author":"Derby","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2013\/16\/479","article-title":"Indications for repeat diagnostic medial branch nerve blocks following a failed first medial branch nerve block","volume":"16","author":"Derby","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-4637.2000.99104.x","article-title":"Controlled zygapophysial joint blocks: the travesty of cost-effectiveness","volume":"1","author":"Bogduk","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2007.11.002","article-title":"Re: cost-effectiveness of diagnostic medial branch blocks before radiofrequency denervation","volume":"8","author":"Novak","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Spine Journal"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-016-0588-2","article-title":"Utilization of facet joint and sacroiliac joint interventions in Medicare population from 2000 to 2014: explosive growth continues!","volume":"20","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2019.01.001","article-title":"Trends in lumbar radiofrequency ablation utilization from 2007 to 2016","volume":"19","author":"Starr","year":"2019","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2012.198","article-title":"Facet joint pain\u2014advances in patient selection and treatment","volume":"9","author":"Cohen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2012.01339.x","article-title":"Multivariable analyses of the relationships between age, gender, and body mass index and the source of chronic low back pain","volume":"13","author":"DePalma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.16","unstructured":"International Spine Intervention Society . Lumbar medial branch blocks. In: Bogduk N , ed. Practice guidelines for spinal diagnostic and treatment procedures. 2nd edn. San Francisco: International Spine Intervention Society, 2013: 457\u201388."},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.7918","article-title":"Effect of radiofrequency denervation on pain intensity among patients with chronic low back pain: the mint randomized clinical trials","volume":"318","author":"Juch","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000002274","article-title":"Effectiveness of lumbar facet joint blocks and their predictive value before radiofrequency denervation: the facet treatment study (FACTS)","volume":"129","author":"Cohen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.98B11.BJJ-2016-0379.R2","article-title":"Randomised sham-controlled double-blind multicentre clinical trial to ascertain the effect of percutaneous radiofrequency treatment for lumbar facet joint pain","volume":"98-B","author":"van Tilburg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bone Joint J"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.20","unstructured":"Belgian Health Care Knowledge Centre . Low back pain and radicular pain: assessment and management, 2017. Available: https:\/\/kce.fgov.be\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/KCE_287_Low_back_pain_Report.pdf [Accessed 5 Aug 2019]."},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.21","unstructured":"United Kingdom National Institute for Health & Care Excellence . Low back pain and sciatica in over 16S: assessment and management: invasive treatments. NICE guideline NG59. A., 2016. Available: https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng59\/evidence\/full-guideline-invasive-treatments-pdf-2726157998 [Accessed 5 Aug 2019]."},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.22","unstructured":"Institute of Health Economics, Alberta, Canada . Evidence-Informed primary care management of low back pain. clinical practice guideline, 3 edition, 2015. Available: http:\/\/www.topalbertadoctors.org\/download\/1885\/LBPguideline.pdf?_20160225091721 [Accessed 5 Aug 2019]."},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200005150-00012"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.12673","article-title":"Flawed Study Design and Incorrect Presentation of Data Negatively Impact Potentially Useful Interventional Treatments for Patients with Low Back Pain: A Critical Review of JAMA 's MinT Study","volume":"18","author":"van Kuijk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pny046","article-title":"Guidelines for composing and assessing a paper on the treatment of pain: a practical application of evidence-based medicine principles to the mint randomized clinical trials","volume":"19","author":"McCormick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.7918","article-title":"Effect of radiofrequency denervation on pain intensity among patients with chronic low back pain: the mint randomized clinical trials","volume":"318","author":"Juch","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000699"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.28","unstructured":"U.S. department of health and human services, pain management best practices Interagency Task force . Pain management best practices Interagency Task force report: updates, gaps, inconsistencies and recommendations. Available: https:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/pmtf-final-report-2019-05-23.pdf [Accessed 21 Sep 2019]."},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.29","unstructured":"U.S. preventive services Task force. grade definitions. Available: https:\/\/www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org\/Page\/Name\/grade-definitions [Accessed 3 Nov 2017]."},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000707"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj\/447","article-title":"Effectiveness of thermal annular procedures in treating discogenic low back pain","volume":"20","author":"Helm Ii","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12579","article-title":"The Polyanalgesic consensus conference (PacC): recommendations for intrathecal drug delivery: guidance for improving safety and mitigating risks","volume":"20","author":"Deer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12542","article-title":"The neurostimulation appropriateness consensus Committee (NACC): recommendations on bleeding and coagulation management in neurostimulation devices","volume":"20","author":"Deer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.34","unstructured":"Oxford centre for evidence-based medicine \u2013 levels of evidence (March 2009). Available: http:\/\/www.cebm.net\/blog\/2009\/06\/11\/oxford-centre-evidence-based-medicine-levels-evidence-march-2009 [Accessed 15 Jan 2018]."},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.35","unstructured":"The grade Working Group. grade, 2016. Available: www.gradeworkinggroup.org [Accessed 18 Jan 2018]."},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/PR9.0000000000000687","article-title":"Unique aspects of clinical trials of of invasive therapies for chronic pain: an ACTTION evidence-based review","volume":"4","author":"Cohen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain Rep"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198111000-00011","article-title":"Apophyseal injection of local anesthetic as a diagnostic aid in primary low-back pain syndromes","volume":"6","author":"Fairbank","year":"1981","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198801000-00015"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198809000-00002"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.40","article-title":"Facet joint degeneration as a cause of low back pain","author":"Lewinnek","year":"1986","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.71B4.2527856","article-title":"Lumbar facet joint syndrome. A randomised clinical trial","volume":"71","author":"Lilius","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199405001-00006"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.54.2.100"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.44","first-page":"824","article-title":"Facet joint block for low back pain: identifying predictors of a good response","volume":"73","author":"Revel","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199809150-00011"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/S1529-9430(03)00151-7","article-title":"Correlation of clinical examination characteristics with three sources of chronic low back pain","volume":"3","author":"Young","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Spine Journal"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-5-43"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2006.01.004","article-title":"Clinical predictors of screening lumbar zygapophyseal joint blocks: development of clinical prediction rules","volume":"6","author":"Laslett","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Spine Journal"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2010.09.006"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.1999\/2\/59","article-title":"Prevalence of lumbar facet joint pain in chronic low back pain","volume":"2","author":"Manchikanti","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2000\/3\/158","article-title":"The inability of the clinical picture to characterize pain from facet joints","volume":"3","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-000-0016-4"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/35.12.1269"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ajp.0000210941.04182.ea"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2160","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-011-1891-6","article-title":"Factors determining the success of radiofrequency denervation in lumbar facet joint pain: a prospective study","volume":"20","author":"Streitberger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.56","article-title":"The effectiveness of radiofrequency ablation of medial branch nerves for chronic lumbar facet joint syndrome in patients selected by guideline-concordant dual comparative medial branch blocks","author":"Conger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen SP , Doshi TL , Kurihara C , et al . Nonorganic signs and their association with interventional treatment outcomes for low back pain. Anesth Analg 2020.","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000005054"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2003.07.008"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-017-1549-6","article-title":"Clinical classification in low back pain: best-evidence diagnostic rules based on systematic reviews","volume":"18","author":"Petersen","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E497","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2015\/18\/E497","article-title":"A best-evidence systematic appraisal of the diagnostic accuracy and utility of facet (zygapophysial) joint injections in chronic spinal pain","volume":"18","author":"Boswell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SMJ.0b013e31817e6ffb"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1916","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12841","article-title":"Correlation of \n \n (99m\n \n ) Tc-DPD SPECT\/CT scan findings and diagnostic blockades of lumbar medial branches in patients with unspecific low back pain in a Randomized-Controlled trial","volume":"16","author":"Freiermuth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.63","first-page":"37","article-title":"Planar and high-resolution SPECT bone imaging in the diagnosis of facet syndrome","volume":"36","author":"Holder","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000212","article-title":"Evaluation of efficacy of bone scan with SPECT\/CT in the management of low back pain: a study supported by differential diagnostic local anesthetic blocks","volume":"31","author":"Jain","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3344\/kjp.2011.24.2.81"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2382041930"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199504150-00005"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e3181b8cd4d"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rapm.2007.05.009"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1754-9485.12565"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin I , Wiles L , Waller R , et al . What does best practice care for musculoskeletal pain look like? eleven consistent recommendations from high-quality clinical practice guidelines: systematic review. Br J Sports Med 2019.","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2018-099878"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.11.025","article-title":"The effect of timing of physical therapy for acute low back pain on health services utilization: a systematic review","volume":"100","author":"Arnold","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.73","unstructured":"VA\/DoD clinical practice guideline for diagnosis and treatment of low back pain, 2017. Available: https:\/\/www.healthquality.va.gov\/guidelines\/Pain\/lbp\/VADoDLBPCPG092917.pdf [Accessed 9 Sep 2019]."},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.74","unstructured":"AIM Specialty Health . Musculoskeletal Program Clinical Appropriateness Guidelines. Interventional Pain Management, 2019. Available: http:\/\/www.aimspecialtyhealth.com\/PDF\/Guidelines\/2019\/Jan01\/AIM_Guidelines_MSK_Interventional-Pain-Management.pdf [Accessed 9 Sep 2019]."},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000324","article-title":"Barriers to primary care clinician adherence to clinical guidelines for the management of low back pain: a systematic review and metasynthesis of qualitative studies","volume":"32","author":"Slade","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001875","article-title":"Stagnant physical therapy referral rates alongside rising opioid prescription rates in patients with low back pain in the United States 1997\u20132010","volume":"42","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.77","unstructured":"North American Spine Society . Nass coverage policy recommendations. facet joint interventions, 2014. Available: https:\/\/www.spine.org\/Policy-Practice\/Coverage-Recommendations\/About-Coverage-Recommendations [Accessed 9 Sep 2019]."},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.78","unstructured":"BlueCross BlueShield of Tennessee Medical Policy Manual . Diagnosis and treatment of facet joint pain. corporate medical policy, 2018. Available: https:\/\/www.bcbst.com\/mpmanual\/Lumbar_Facet_Steroid_Injections_for_Treatment_of_Low_Back_Pain.htm [Accessed 9 Sep 2019]."},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1298\/ptr.E9937","article-title":"Effectiveness of classic physical therapy proposals for chronic non-specific low back pain: a literature review","volume":"21","author":"Cuenca-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys Ther Res"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-098765"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199909150-00013"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31817329f0"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e318074c99c"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ajp.0000120792.69705.c9"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200107010-00003"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000409"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i6748"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jonckheer P , Desomer A , Depreitere B , et al . Low back pain and radicular pain: development of a clinical pathway. in: (KCE). HSRHBBHCKC, ED. KCE report 295s. Brussels, 2017.","DOI":"10.57598\/R295C"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2007.10.024"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2368","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30489-6","article-title":"Prevention and treatment of low back pain: evidence, challenges, and promising directions","volume":"391","author":"Foster","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-011-0241-z","article-title":"The role of image guidance in improving the safety of pain treatment","volume":"16","author":"Rathmell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-198901000-00008","article-title":"Paravertebral somatic nerve block: a clinical, radiographic, and computed tomographic study in chronic pain patients","volume":"68","author":"Purcell-Jones","year":"1989","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.93","first-page":"283","article-title":"Postdural puncture headache and treatment following successful lumbar facet block","volume":"4","author":"Cohen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pain Digest"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.94","unstructured":"Levinson DR . Medicare payments for facet joint injection services. Department of health and human services office of Inspector General on Medicare payments for facet joint injection services, 2008. Available: http:\/\/oig.hhs.gov\/oei\/reports\/oei-05-07-00200.pdf [Accessed 9 Sep 2019]."},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.95","unstructured":"Noridian Healthcare Solutions, LLC . Local coverage determination (LCD): facet joint injections, medial branch blocks, and facet joint radiofrequency neurotomy (L34995), 2018. Available: https:\/\/med.noridianmedicare.com\/documents\/10546\/6990983\/Facet+Joint+Injections2CMedial+Branch+Blocks2Cand+Facet+JOint+Radiofrequency+Neurotomy+LCD\/4ec8edd6-7205-4697-8bfa-f7e482e08b3e [Accessed 9 Sep 2019]."},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.96","unstructured":"Cigna Medical Coverage Policies . Musculoskeletal facet joint Injections\/Medial branch blocks, 2019. Available: https:\/\/www.evicore.com\/-\/media\/files\/evicore\/provider\/network-standard\/cmm-201-facet-joint-injections.pdf [Accessed 9 Sep 2019]."},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.97","unstructured":"UnitedHealthcare Commercial Medical Policy . Epidural steroid and facet joint injections for spinal pain. policy number: 2019T0004FF. effective date, 2019. Available: https:\/\/www.uhcprovider.com\/content\/dam\/provider\/docs\/public\/policies\/comm-medical-drug\/epidural-steroid-facet-injections-spinal-pain.pdf [Accessed 9 Sep 2019]."},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181c38a82"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199704150-00013"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.68B1.2934398","article-title":"Facet joint injection for low back pain. A clinical study","volume":"68-B","author":"Lynch","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.12.8829"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-018-0620-7","article-title":"Ultrasound-Guided versus low dose computed tomography scanning guidance for lumbar facet joint injections: same accuracy and efficiency","volume":"18","author":"Ye","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Anesthesiol"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnw116","article-title":"Thermocoagulation of the medial branch of the dorsal branch of the Lumbal spinal nerve: Flouroscopy versus CT","volume":"18","author":"Feigl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0b013e3181d34ff5"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-018-0660-1","article-title":"Image guidance technologies for interventional pain procedures: ultrasound, fluoroscopy, and CT","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"pnv073","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnv073","article-title":"Detection of intravascular injection during lumbar medial branch blocks: a comparison of aspiration, live fluoroscopy, and digital subtraction technology","volume":"17","author":"Kennedy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200411000-00020"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200405000-00028"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000006655","article-title":"Ultrasound versus fluoroscopy-guided medial branch block for the treatment of lower lumbar facet joint pain","volume":"96","author":"Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2015.11.013","article-title":"Effectiveness of ultrasound-guided versus fluoroscopy or computed tomography scanning guidance in lumbar facet joint injections in adults with facet joint syndrome: a meta-analysis of controlled trials","volume":"97","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000158609.64417.93"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rapm.2007.03.010"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0b013e3182461144"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.4184\/asj.2010.4.1.15","article-title":"Comparison of ultrasonography- and fluoroscopy-guided facet joint block in the lumbar spine","volume":"4","author":"Ha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Asian Spine J"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.115","unstructured":"Hales CM , Carroll MD , Fryar CD , et al . Prevalence of obesity among adults and youth: United States, 2015\u20132016. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. NCHS Data Brief No. 288, 2017. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/products\/databriefs\/db288.htm"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0b013e3181ada563"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200703000-00024"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000314"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.4055\/cios.2017.9.4.472","article-title":"The validation of ultrasound-guided target segment identification in thoracic spine as confirmed by fluoroscopy","volume":"9","author":"Heo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Surg"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E569","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181f6ecb2","article-title":"Facet dimensions, orientation, and symmetry at L5-S1 junction in lumbosacral transitional states","volume":"36","author":"Mahato","year":"2011","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000032"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.122","unstructured":"NCI dictionary of cancer terms. Available: https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/publications\/dictionaries\/cancer-terms\/def\/diagnosis [Accessed 1 Apr 2019]."},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199701000-00026"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X91000156"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004150050560"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e318272f40a"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199809010-00008"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01798869","article-title":"Innervation of the zygapophyseal joints of the lumbar spine","volume":"5","author":"Auteroche","year":"1983","journal-title":"Anat Clin"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnx234","article-title":"A commentary on appropriate use criteria for sacroiliac pain","volume":"18","author":"Bogduk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjpain.2010.07.001","article-title":"Diagnostic blocks for chronic pain","volume":"1","author":"Curatolo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scand J Pain"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brummett C , Cohen S . Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of zygapophyseal (facet) joint pain. In: Benzon H , ed. Practical management of pain. 5th ed. Philadephia: Elsevier, 2014.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-08340-9.00061-X"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-2500.2004.04402.x"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED.169.10.781","article-title":"The causes of false-positive medial branch (facet joint) blocks in soldiers and retirees","volume":"169","author":"Cohen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000229"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj\/2019.19.163","article-title":"What is the correlation between facet joint radiofrequency outcome and response to comparative medial branch blocks?","volume":"19","author":"Holz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-199712000-00003"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/S1529-9430(02)00450-3","article-title":"Lumbar zygapophysial (facet) joint injections","volume":"3","author":"Dreyfuss","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Spine Journal"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(92)90239-8"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.139","first-page":"77","article-title":"Facet joints: intra-articular steroids or nerve block?","volume":"3","author":"Nash","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pain Clinic"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199404000-00013"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.21387","article-title":"Prevalence of facet joint degeneration in association with intervertebral joint degeneration in a sample of organ donors","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-011-0237-8","article-title":"Radiofrequency treatment of facet-related pain: evidence and controversies","volume":"16","author":"van Zundert","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318166f03d"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.144","unstructured":"Greater Manchester Combined Authority . Greater Manchester Eur policy statement on: facet joint injections GM Ref: GM070, version: 2.1 (1 October 2018). Available: http:\/\/northwestcsu.nhs.uk\/BrickwallResource\/GetResource\/d5f134e0-aab1-4be3-9475-3f973f126423 [Accessed 30 Aug 2019]."},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rapm.2006.08.014"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0027991","article-title":"Diagnostic value of lumbar facet joint injection: a prospective triple cross-over study","volume":"6","author":"Sch\u00fctz","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2009.05.014","article-title":"The significance of multifidus atrophy after successful radiofrequency neurotomy for low back pain","volume":"1","author":"Dreyfuss","year":"2009","journal-title":"PM&R"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.148","first-page":"483","article-title":"The lumbar multifidus muscle in polysegmentally innervated","volume":"40","author":"Wu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.149","first-page":"162","article-title":"Radiofrequency neurotomy for the treatment of chronic pain: interference with implantable medical devices","volume":"46","author":"Barbieri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anestezjol Intens Ter"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2009.00686.x","article-title":"Radiofrequency neurotomy for a patient with deep brain stimulators: proposed safety guidelines: table 1","volume":"10","author":"Osborne","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"SE217","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2013\/16\/SE217","article-title":"An update of evaluation of intravenous sedation on diagnostic spinal injection procedures","volume":"16","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2005.09.005","article-title":"A survey: conscious sedation with epidural and zygapophyseal injections: is it necessary?","volume":"6","author":"Cucuzzella","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Spine Journal"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31815b7e9f"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/11318690-000000000-00000"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e318281592d"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2004\/7\/411","article-title":"Evaluation of the effect of sedation as a confounding factor in the diagnostic validity of lumbar facet joint pain: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation","volume":"7","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2004\/7\/301","article-title":"A randomized, prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of the effect of sedation on diagnostic validity of cervical facet joint pain","volume":"7","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2005\/8\/349","article-title":"The role of placebo and nocebo effects of perioperative administration of sedatives and opioids in interventional pain management","volume":"8","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2006\/9\/47","article-title":"The effect of sedation on diagnostic validity of facet joint nerve blocks: an evaluation to assess similarities in population with involvement in cervical and lumbar regions (ISRCTNo: 76376497)","volume":"9","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12389","article-title":"The effect of sedation on the accuracy and treatment outcomes for diagnostic injections: a randomized, controlled, crossover study","volume":"15","author":"Cohen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2009.00756.x","article-title":"Assessment of celiac plexus block and neurolysis outcomes and technique in the management of refractory visceral cancer pain","volume":"11","author":"Erdek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2008.10.006","article-title":"Is immediate pain relief after a spinal injection procedure enhanced by intravenous sedation?","volume":"1","author":"Dreyfuss","year":"2009","journal-title":"PM&R"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0000000000000495","article-title":"Awake, sedated or anaesthetised for regional anaesthesia block placements?: a retrospective registry analysis of acute complications and patient satisfaction in adults","volume":"33","author":"Kubulus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.164","unstructured":"American Society of Anesthesiologists . Statement on anesthetic care during interventional pain procedures for adults. Available: https:\/\/www.asahq.org\/standards-and-guidelines\/statement-on-anesthetic-care-during-interventional-pain-procedures-for-adults [Accessed 25 Mar 2019]."},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.165","unstructured":"Spine intervention Society (SIS). conscious sedation. Available: https:\/\/www.spineintervention.org\/news\/386491\/New-FactFinder-on-Conscious-Sedation.htm [Accessed 25 Mar 2019]."},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2009\/12\/195","article-title":"Systematic review of the role of sedation in diagnostic spinal interventional techniques","volume":"12","author":"Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aer502"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.1981.tb01649.x","article-title":"Lumbar epidural anaesthesia with bupivacaine in old patients: effect of speed and direction of injection","volume":"25","author":"Rosenberg","year":"1981","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.12419","article-title":"Spread of fluid: role of tip configurations in needles","volume":"24","author":"Gomes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Skin Res Technol"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2651504","article-title":"Effect of injectate viscosity on epidural distribution in lumbar transforaminal epidural steroid injection","volume":"2019","author":"Choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain Res Manag"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000287637.30163.a2"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2012.01348.x","article-title":"Occipital nerve pulsed radiofrequency treatment: a multi-center study evaluating predictors of outcome","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2014(08)05","article-title":"Controlled medial branch anesthetic block in the diagnosis of chronic lumbar facet joint pain: the value of a three-month follow-up","volume":"69","author":"Rocha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.7.124","article-title":"Evaluation of lumbar facet joint nerve blocks in managing chronic low back pain: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial with a 2-year follow-up","volume":"7","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2008\/11\/121","article-title":"Lumbar facet joint nerve blocks in managing chronic facet joint pain: one-year follow-up of a randomized, double-blind controlled trial: clinical trial NCT00355914","volume":"11","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2017.11.011","article-title":"Lumbar medial branch block volume-dependent dispersion patterns as a predictor for ablation success: a cadaveric study","volume":"10","author":"Wahezi","year":"2018","journal-title":"PM&R"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(20)30933-0","article-title":"Arthrography of the joints of the lumbar vertebral arches","volume":"8","author":"Glover","year":"1977","journal-title":"Orthop Clin North Am"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kennedy DJ , Fraiser R , Zheng P , et al . Intra-articular steroids vs saline for lumbar z-joint pain: a prospective, randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Pain Med 2018.","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pny225"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.RVI.0000175334.60638.3F"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199110033251405","article-title":"A controlled trial of corticosteroid injections into facet joints for chronic low back pain","volume":"325","author":"Carette","year":"1991","journal-title":"N Engl J Med Overseas Ed"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.140.1.6454162"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198812000-00013"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198103000-00010"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01623137","article-title":"The lumbar mamillo-accessory foramen: a study of 203 lumbosacral spines","volume":"13","author":"Maigne","year":"1991","journal-title":"Surg Radiol Anat"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199404143301504"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000000960","article-title":"Corticosteroid injections into lumbar facet joints: a prospective, randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial","volume":"97","author":"Kennedy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3182a76df1","article-title":"Effect of facet joint injection versus systemic steroids in low back pain: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"38","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/03009748409100392"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2009\/12\/437","article-title":"Systematic assessment of diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic utility of lumbar facet joint interventions","volume":"12","author":"Datta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2010.04.005"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.09.007","article-title":"Treating allergic rhinitis with depot-steroid injections increase risk of osteoporosis and diabetes","volume":"107","author":"Aasbjerg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnx324","article-title":"The effect of epidural steroid injections on bone mineral density and vertebral fracture risk: a systematic review and critical appraisal of current literature","volume":"19","author":"Kerezoudis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2007.09.005"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s005860050193"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.209.3.9844656"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(96)00023-1"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn116"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2008.05.021"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2007.04.022"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0b013e3181958f4b"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2010\/13\/133","article-title":"Making sense of the accuracy of diagnostic lumbar facet joint nerve blocks: an assessment of the implications of 50% relief, 80% relief, single block, or controlled diagnostic blocks","volume":"13","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199706053362303"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1313265"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.204","unstructured":"U.S . Food and drug administration center for drug evaluation and research. guidance for industry analgesic indications: developing drug and biological products, 2014. Available: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/downloads\/drugs\/guidancecomplianceregulatoryinformation\/guidances\/ucm384691.pdf [Accessed 26 Aug 2019]."},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"pii: 028","DOI":"10.23937\/2377-4630\/2\/2\/1028","article-title":"Long-Term function, pain and medication use outcomes of radiofrequency ablation for lumbar facet syndrome","volume":"2","author":"McCormick","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Anesth Anesth"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12026","article-title":"Cost comparisons of various diagnostic medial branch block protocols and medial branch neurotomy in a private practice setting","volume":"14","author":"Derby","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200006010-00009"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(94)90199-6"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-199509000-00008"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2014(08)05","article-title":"Controlled medial branch anesthetic block in the diagnosis of chronic lumbar facet joint Pain: the value of a three-month follow-up","volume":"69","author":"Rocha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.211","first-page":"35","article-title":"On the distribution of pain arising from deep somatic structures with charts of segmental pain areas","volume":"4","author":"Kellegren","year":"1939","journal-title":"Clin Sci"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199612053352302"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.213","first-page":"193","article-title":"Radiofrequency facet joint denervation in the treatment of low back pain: a prospective controlled double-blind study to assess its efficacy","volume":"7","author":"Gallagher","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pain Clinic"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.12043","article-title":"Long-Term follow-up of cervical facet medial branch radiofrequency treatment with the single posterior-lateral approach: an exploratory study","volume":"14","author":"van Eerd","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnx286","article-title":"A prospective randomized trial of prognostic genicular nerve blocks to determine the predictive value for the outcome of cooled radiofrequency ablation for chronic knee pain due to osteoarthritis","volume":"19","author":"McCormick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12000","article-title":"Lumbar medial branch radiofrequency neurotomy in New Zealand","volume":"14","author":"MacVicar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.05.006","article-title":"The efficacy of conventional radiofrequency denervation in patients with chronic low back pain originating from the facet joints: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"17","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E175","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2014\/17\/E175","article-title":"The science of conventional and water-cooled monopolar lumbar radiofrequency rhizotomy: an electrical engineering point of view","volume":"17","author":"Ball","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0b013e3181e82d66","article-title":"Tackling the technical challenges that hinder the success of facet joint radiofrequency treatment for spinal pain","volume":"35","author":"Cohen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000114"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/26.2.93"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000156"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.4236\/nm.2012.32025","article-title":"The anatomy of dorsal ramus nerves and its implications in lower back pain","volume":"03","author":"Zhou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosci Med"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1097\/00013414-199812000-00004","article-title":"Percutaneous radiofrequency neurotomy of the cervical medial branches: a validated treatment for cervical zygapophysial joint pain","volume":"8","author":"Lord","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurosurg Quarterly"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevBiomedEng.v38.i1.50","article-title":"Biophysics of radiofrequency ablation","volume":"38","author":"Haemmerich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit Rev Biomed Eng"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000161005.31398.58"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1948.1.2.93"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.174.2.1740323"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.229","first-page":"69","article-title":"Electrophysiologic principles of radiofrequency lesion making","volume":"39","author":"Organ","year":"1976","journal-title":"Appl Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12566","article-title":"Factors that affect radiofrequency heat lesion size","volume":"15","author":"Cosman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.231","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198704000-00004"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.232","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000814"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000207"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-2500.2010.00400.x"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2009.11.011"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004424-199711000-00004"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000221"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.238","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0b013e3181e82d44"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0b013e31827d18f3"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000090"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e31817f4c7c"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.242","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.20143"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.243","first-page":"185","article-title":"Three-Dimensional comparison of interventional Mr radiofrequency ablation images with tissue response","volume":"9","author":"Breen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Comput Aided Surg"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2016.03.005","article-title":"Hyperosmolar sodium chloride is toxic to cultured neurons and causes reduction of glucose metabolism and ATP levels, an increase in glutamate uptake, and a reduction in cytosolic calcium","volume":"54","author":"Morland","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.219.1.r01ap27157"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000067"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E130","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001740","article-title":"Effects of anesthetic fluid injectates on lesion sizes in cooled radiofrequency ablation","volume":"42","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3344\/kjp.2016.29.1.3"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2007.07.006","article-title":"Irreversible spinal nerve injury from dorsal ramus radiofrequency neurotomy: a case report","volume":"88","author":"Abbott","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.250","unstructured":"International Spine Intervention Society . Lumbar medial branch thermal neurotomy. In: Bogduk N , ed. Practice Guidelines for Spinal Diagnostic and Treatment Procedures. 2nd edition. San Francisco: International Spine Intervention Society, 2013: 514\u201322."},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.251","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.13005"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.3109\/17453678709146461","article-title":"Nerve regenration and repair: a review","volume":"58","author":"Lundborg","year":"1987","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Scand"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.253","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1943.sp004027"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2007.00345.x","article-title":"Radiofrequency denervation of the lumbar zygapophysial joints--targeting the best practice","volume":"9","author":"Gofeld","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.255","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(96)90115-X"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.256","first-page":"126","article-title":"Multiple bilateral subcutaneous rhizolysis of segmental nerves in the treatment of the intervertebral disc syndrome","volume":"26","author":"Rees","year":"1971","journal-title":"Ann Gen Prac"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.257","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1975.43.4.0448"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198003000-00015"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.259","first-page":"135","article-title":"A comparison of pulsed radiofrequency and continuous radiofrequency on thermocoagulation of egg white in vitro","volume":"9","author":"Heavner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2005.00076.x","article-title":"Electric and thermal field effects in tissue around radiofrequency electrodes","volume":"6","author":"Cosman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2004.04042.x","article-title":"The surgical anatomy of lumbar medial branch neurotomy (facet denervation)","volume":"5","author":"Lau","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8619(18)30200-7","article-title":"Wallerian degeneration in peripheral nerve disease","volume":"10","author":"Chaudhry","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.263","first-page":"687","article-title":"Efficacy of needle-placement technique in radiofrequency ablation for treatment of lumbar facet arthropathy","volume":"8","author":"Loh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.264","first-page":"586","article-title":"Comparative long-term outcomes of lateral versus posterior approach to cervical facet medial branch radiofrequency ablation [abstract #179]. Presented at: American Academy of Pain Medicine 2013 Annual Meeting; April 10-14, 2013; Fort Lauderdale, FL","volume":"14","author":"Cheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.265","first-page":"383","article-title":"The human lumbar dorsal rami","volume":"134","author":"Bogduk","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198304000-00009"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000002367","article-title":"Clinical anatomy and measurement of the medial branch of the spinal dorsal ramus","volume":"94","author":"Shuang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e31822dd379"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.3344\/kjp.2017.30.4.296","article-title":"Relationship between paravertebral muscle twitching and long-term effects of radiofrequency medial branch neurotomy","volume":"30","author":"Koh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Korean J Pain"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.270","unstructured":"Paterno J , Rathmell JP , Gilligan C . Cryoanalgesia and radiofrequency ablation. In: Bajwa Z , Wootton RJ , Warfield CA , eds. Principles and practice of pain medicine. 3rd edn. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2016."},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0b013e31825c36c0"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/ane.0b013e318162c358"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E143","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2012\/15\/E143","article-title":"Complications of fluoroscopically directed facet joint nerve blocks: a prospective evaluation of 7,500 episodes with 43,000 nerve blocks","volume":"15","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.274","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000381"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.1998.tb04981.x","article-title":"Whitacre or Quincke needles - does it really matter","volume":"42","author":"Eriksson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000700"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.277","first-page":"403","article-title":"The risks of continuing or discontinuing anticoagulants for patients undergoing common interventional pain procedures","volume":"18","author":"Endres","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.278","unstructured":"Anticoagulants BN . Practice Guidelines for Spinal Diagnostic and Treatment Procedures. 2nd edn. San Francisco, CA: International Spine Intervention Society, 2013: 9\u201314."},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnx152","article-title":"Standards division of the spine intervention Society. risks and benefits of ceasing or continuing anticoagulant medication for image-guided procedures for spine pain: a systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.280","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000223"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S75","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj\/2019.22.s75","article-title":"Responsible, safe, and effective use of antithrombotics and anticoagulants in patients undergoing interventional techniques: American Society of interventional pain physicians (ASIPP) guidelines","volume":"22","author":"Kaye","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1981.tb135513.x","article-title":"Lumbar lateral branch neuralgia: a complication of rhizolysis","volume":"1","author":"Bogduk","year":"1981","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.283","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BRS.0000128263.67291.A0"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2012.09.002","article-title":"Efficacy of combined treatment with medial branch radiofrequency neurotomy and steroid block in lumbar facet joint arthropathy","volume":"23","author":"Roy","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vasc Interv Radiol"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e31828b35fe"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.286","first-page":"475","article-title":"Radiofrequency denervation with or without addition of pentoxifylline or methylprednisolone for chronic lumbar zygapophysial joint pain","volume":"57","author":"Dobrogowski","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rep"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj\/2019.22.69","article-title":"The impact of local steroid administration on the incidence of neuritis following lumbar facet radiofrequency neurotomy","volume":"22","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.288","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199501150-00011"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.096","article-title":"Morphologic changes in the lumbar spine after lumbar medial branch radiofrequency neurotomy: a quantitative radiological study","volume":"15","author":"Smuck","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.061","article-title":"Changes in gait kinematics and lower back muscle activity post-radiofrequency denervation of the zygapophysial joint: a case study","volume":"15","author":"Stegem\u00f6ller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000311085.73519.B4","article-title":"Reversible neurological symptoms caused by diathermy in a patient with deep brain stimulators","volume":"62","author":"Roark","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E505","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj\/2019.19.E505","article-title":"Bipolar radiofrequency neurotomy to treat neck and back pain in patients with automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator","volume":"19","author":"Bautista","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.293","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181fbe7f6"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnx204","article-title":"Third-Degree skin burn from conventional radiofrequency ablation of the inferiomedial genicular nerve","volume":"19","author":"McCormick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.295","first-page":"203","article-title":"Electrocautery burns: experience with three cases and review of literature","volume":"25","author":"Saaiq","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Burns Fire Disasters"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.296","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(77)90006-9"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.297","first-page":"523","article-title":"Percutaneous radiofrequency rhizotomy of the lumbar facets","volume":"53","author":"Katz","year":"1986","journal-title":"Mt Sinai J Med"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.298","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1002\/pmrj.12143","article-title":"Second\u2010degree skin burn from a radiofrequency grounding pad: a case report and review of Risk\u2010Mitigation strategies","volume":"11","author":"Burnham","year":"2019","journal-title":"PM&R"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.299","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2003.07.002","article-title":"Human lumbar facet joint capsule strains: II. alteration of strains subsequent to anterior interbody fixation","volume":"4","author":"Little","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Spine Journal"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12678","article-title":"Safety of lumbar spine radiofrequency procedures in the presence of posterior pedicle screws: technical report of a cadaver study","volume":"16","author":"Gazelka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnv078","article-title":"Safety of lumbar spine radiofrequency procedures in patients who have posterior spinal hardware","volume":"17","author":"Lamer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E477","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2018.5.E477","article-title":"A retrospective review of spinal radiofrequency neurotomy procedures in patients with metallic posterior spinal instrumentation - is it safe?","volume":"21","author":"Ellwood","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2015.12.006","article-title":"Evolution in the eligibility criteria of randomized controlled trials for systemic cancer therapies","volume":"43","author":"Srikanthan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Rev"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3810\/pgm.2011.09.2475"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.305","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0b013e31828ea086"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000337"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.307","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1988.tb05656.x","article-title":"Spread of radiopaque dye in the thoracic epidural space","volume":"43","author":"Slappendel","year":"1988","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.308","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(89)90089-4","article-title":"Lumbar epidurography and epidural analgesia in cancer patients","volume":"36","author":"Sj\u00f8gren","year":"1989","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.309","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000003644","article-title":"Caution in using gadolinium-based contrast agents in interventional pain procedures","volume":"127","author":"Benzon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.310","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2019-100422"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2007\/10\/291","article-title":"Radiofrequency denervation of the lumbar zygapophysial joints: 10-year prospective clinical audit","volume":"10","author":"Gofeld","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.312","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000143170.47345.44"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.313","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1533-2500.2002.02004.x","article-title":"Radiofrequency neurolysis for facet arthropathy: a retrospective case series and review of the literature","volume":"2","author":"Royal","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pain Practice"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2012.06.007","article-title":"Success of initial and repeated medial branch neurotomy for zygapophysial joint pain: a systematic review","volume":"4","author":"Smuck","year":"2012","journal-title":"PM&R"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2010.00923.x","article-title":"The effect of repeated zygapophysial joint radiofrequency neurotomy on pain, disability, and improvement duration","volume":"11","author":"Rambaransingh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.316","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.3340\/jkns.2010.48.3.240","article-title":"The efficacy of repeated radiofrequency medial branch neurotomy for lumbar facet syndrome","volume":"48","author":"Son","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Korean Neurosurg Soc"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.14245\/kjs.2014.11.4.232","article-title":"Effectiveness of repeated radiofrequency neurotomy for facet joint syndrome after microscopic discectomy","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Korean J Spine"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.318","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(83)90419-4"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.319","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(200006)23:6<863::AID-MUS4>3.0.CO;2-0"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.320","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s007010050253"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2007.10.010","article-title":"Evidence-Informed management of chronic low back pain with facet injections and radiofrequency neurotomy","volume":"8","author":"Bogduk","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Spine Journal"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.322","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4081\/bam.2014.1.5","article-title":"The biology of long-term denervated skeletal muscle","volume":"24","author":"Carlson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Transl Myol"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.323","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4081\/bam.2015.2.77","article-title":"Persistent muscle fiber regeneration in long term denervation. past, present, future","volume":"25","author":"Carraro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Transl Myol"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.324","first-page":"CD008572","article-title":"Radiofrequency denervation for chronic low back pain","volume":"10","author":"Maas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.5312\/wjo.v7.i5.315","article-title":"Management of lumbar zygapophysial (facet) joint pain","volume":"7","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J Orthop"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.326","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-011-0236-9"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.327","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.G.00858"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.328","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000198726.62514.75"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.329","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30211-4","article-title":"Course and characteristics of work disability 3 years before and after lumbar spine decompression surgery- a national population-based study","volume":"8","author":"Dorner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.330","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318263bb7b"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.331","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200005010-00017"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.332","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2016.09.008","article-title":"The epidemiology of back pain and its relationship with depression, psychosis, anxiety, sleep disturbances, and stress sensitivity: data from 43 low- and middle-income countries","volume":"43","author":"Stubbs","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.333","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2011.10.005","article-title":"Utilization characteristics of spinal interventions","volume":"12","author":"Abbott","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.311.7003.485"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.335","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-006-0189-6"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.336","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-13-138"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.337","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000614"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.651"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.1464"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1904190","article-title":"No shortcuts to safer opioid prescribing","volume":"380","author":"Dowell","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pny307","article-title":"Challenges with implementing the centers for disease control and prevention opioid guideline: a consensus panel report","volume":"20","author":"Kroenke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.342","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-8-22"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.343","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2012.09.016"},{"key":"2025101111315946000_45.6.424.344","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5455\/aim.2008.16.219-225"}],"container-title":["Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/rapm-2019-101243","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:32:34Z","timestamp":1760207554000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/rapm.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/rapm-2019-101243"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,3]]},"references-count":344,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/rapm-2019-101243"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/rapm-2019-101243","relation":{},"ISSN":["1098-7339","1532-8651"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1098-7339","type":"print"},{"value":"1532-8651","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,3]]}}}