{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T03:58:08Z","timestamp":1793505488517,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":420,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]],"date-time":"2021-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636588800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"U.S. Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Musculoskeletal Injury Rehabilitation Research for"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Musculoskeletal Injury Rehabilitation Research for"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Reg Anesth Pain Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The past two decades have witnessed a surge in the use of cervical spine joint procedures including joint injections, nerve blocks and radiofrequency ablation to treat chronic neck pain, yet many aspects of the procedures remain controversial.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In August 2020, the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine and the American Academy of Pain Medicine approved and charged the Cervical Joint Working Group to develop neck pain guidelines. Eighteen stakeholder societies were identified, and formal request-for-participation and member nomination letters were sent to those organizations. Participating entities selected panel members and an ad hoc steering committee selected preliminary questions, which were then revised by the full committee. Each question was assigned to a module composed of 4\u20135 members, who worked with the Subcommittee Lead and the Committee Chairs on preliminary versions, which were sent to the full committee after revisions. We used a modified Delphi method whereby the questions were sent to the committee en bloc and comments were returned in a non-blinded fashion to the Chairs, who incorporated the comments and sent out revised versions until consensus was reached. Before commencing, it was agreed that a recommendation would be noted with &gt;50% agreement among committee members, but a consensus recommendation would require \u226575% agreement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty questions were selected, with 100% consensus achieved in committee on 17 topics. Among participating organizations, 14 of 15 that voted approved or supported the guidelines en bloc, with 14 questions being approved with no dissensions or abstentions. Specific questions addressed included the value of clinical presentation and imaging in selecting patients for procedures, whether conservative treatment should be used before injections, whether imaging is necessary for blocks, diagnostic and prognostic value of medial branch blocks and intra-articular joint injections, the effects of sedation and injectate volume on validity, whether facet blocks have therapeutic value, what the ideal cut-off value is for designating a block as positive, how many blocks should be performed before radiofrequency ablation, the orientation of electrodes, whether larger lesions translate into higher success rates, whether stimulation should be used before radiofrequency ablation, how best to mitigate complication risks, if different standards should be applied to clinical practice and trials, and the indications for repeating radiofrequency ablation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cervical medial branch radiofrequency ablation may provide benefit to well-selected individuals, with medial branch blocks being more predictive than intra-articular injections. More stringent selection criteria are likely to improve denervation outcomes, but at the expense of false-negatives (ie, lower overall success rate). Clinical trials should be tailored based on objectives, and selection criteria for some may be more stringent than what is ideal in clinical practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2021-103031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]],"date-time":"2021-11-11T20:00:18Z","timestamp":1636660818000},"page":"3-59","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":105,"title":["Consensus practice guidelines on interventions for cervical spine (facet) joint pain from a multispecialty international working group"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Robert W","family":"Hurley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3969-4279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meredith C B","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesiology, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meredith","family":"Barad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford Hospital and Clinics, Redwood City, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arun","family":"Bhaskar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesiology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust Haemodialysis Clinic, Hayes Satellite Unit, Hayes, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6292-8654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anuj","family":"Bhatia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesia and Pain Management, University of Toronto and University Health Network - Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0570-9997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Chadwick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8907-7730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy R","family":"Deer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spine and Nerve Center of the Virginias, West Virginia University - Health Sciences Campus, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Hah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5645-6355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"W Michael","family":"Hooten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narayan R","family":"Kissoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David Wonhee","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fullerton Orthopaedic Surgery Medical Group, Fullerton, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zachary","family":"Mccormick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5551-7750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jee Youn","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea"},{"name":"Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Jongno-gu, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1849-1402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samer","family":"Narouze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pain Medicine, Summa Western Reserve Hospital, Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A","family":"Provenzano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pain Diagnostics and Interventional Care, Sewickley, Pennsylvania, USA"},{"name":"Pain Diagnostics and Interventional Care, Edgeworth, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Byron J","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maarten","family":"van Eerd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Limburg, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Van Zundert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Limburg, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark S","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesiology, UCSD Medical Center - Thornton Hospital, San Diego, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara M","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesia, WRNMMC, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zirong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology, VA Healthcare Center District of Columbia, Washington, District of Columbia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5928-2127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven P","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesiology, Neurology, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Psychiatry, Pain Medicine Division, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m791"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-004-0864-4"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31678-6"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31816454c8"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2982.2002.00293.x"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2002\/5\/243"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199207000-00003"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198813060-00003"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2001.tb143210.x","article-title":"Diagnostic cervical zygapophyseal joint blocks for chronic cervical pain","volume":"174","author":"Speldewinde","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199501000-00004"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(94)90123-6"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199608010-00005"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199006000-00005"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-2500.2007.00169.x"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2016.02.026","article-title":"Cervical facet oedema: prevalence, correlation to symptoms, and follow-up imaging","volume":"71","author":"Nevalainen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2009.04.016"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.17","first-page":"1884","article-title":"The associations of neck pain with radiological abnormalities of the cervical spine and personality traits in a general population","volume":"18","author":"van der Donk","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.18","unstructured":"International Spine Intervention Society . Cervical medial branch thermal radiofrequency neurotomy. In: Bogduk N , ed. Practice guidelines for spinal diagnostic and treatment procedures. 2nd edn. San Francisco, 2013: 133\u201369."},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnz358","article-title":"The effectiveness of cervical medial branch radiofrequency ablation for chronic facet joint syndrome in patients selected by a practical medial branch block paradigm","volume":"21","author":"Burnham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rapm.2007.05.009"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2726","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnaa219","article-title":"The effectiveness of cervical medial branch thermal radiofrequency neurotomy stratified by selection criteria: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"21","author":"Engel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.22","first-page":"E807","article-title":"An updated review of the diagnostic utility of cervical facet joint injections","volume":"15","author":"Falco","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj\/2019.19.163","article-title":"What is the correlation between facet joint radiofrequency outcome and response to comparative medial branch blocks?","volume":"19","author":"Holz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E133","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2020\/23\/E133","article-title":"Update of utilization patterns of facet joint interventions in managing spinal pain from 2000 to 2018 in the US fee-for-service Medicare population","volume":"23","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S129","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2020\/23\/S129","article-title":"Trends of expenditures and utilization of facet joint interventions in fee-for-service (FFS) Medicare population from 2009-2018","volume":"23","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j3221"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.27","first-page":"S1","article-title":"Comprehensive evidence-based guidelines for facet joint interventions in the management of chronic spinal pain: American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians (ASIPP) guidelines facet joint interventions 2020 guidelines","volume":"23","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000003799","article-title":"Efficacy and long-term effect of radiofrequency denervation in patients with clinically diagnosed cervical facet joint pain: a double-blind randomized controlled trial","volume":"46","author":"van Eerd","year":"2021","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2019-101243"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.30","unstructured":"U.S. Preventive Services Task Force . Grade definitions. Available: https:\/\/www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org\/Page\/Name\/grade-definitions [Accessed 29 Nov 2020]."},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000808"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12542","article-title":"The Neurostimulation Appropriateness Consensus Committee (NACC): recommendations on bleeding and coagulation management in neurostimulation devices","volume":"20","author":"Deer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12579","article-title":"The Polyanalgesic Consensus Conference (PacC): recommendations for intrathecal drug delivery: guidance for improving safety and mitigating risks","volume":"20","author":"Deer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj\/447","article-title":"Effectiveness of thermal annular procedures in treating discogenic low back pain","volume":"20","author":"Helm Ii","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.35","unstructured":"Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine . Levels of evidence, March 2009. Available: http:\/\/www.cebm.net\/blog\/2009\/06\/11\/oxford-centre-evidence-based-medicine-levels-evidence-march-2009 [Accessed 1 Aug 2021]."},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.36","unstructured":"The GRADE Working Group . GRADE. Available: www.gradeworkinggroup.org [Accessed 21 Feb 2021]."},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/PR9.0000000000000687","article-title":"Unique aspects of clinical trials of invasive therapies for chronic pain","volume":"4","author":"Cohen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain Rep"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Narouze S . Cervicogenic headache. In: Benzon HT , Raja SN , Liu SS , eds. Essentials of pain medicine. 3rd edn. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders, 2011: 278\u201382.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4377-2242-0.00050-X"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1985.tb122915.x","article-title":"Cervical headache","volume":"143","author":"Bogduk","year":"1985","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-4754(99)70006-0"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.41","first-page":"167","article-title":"The anatomy of occipital neuralgia","volume":"17","author":"Bogduk","year":"1981","journal-title":"Clin Exp Neurol"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2008.00493.x","article-title":"Ventral innervation of the lateral C1-C2 joint: an anatomical study","volume":"9","author":"Yin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walker MT , Spitzer EM , Anatomy VM . Imaging, and common pain-generating degenerative pathologies of the spine. In: Benzon HT , Raja SN , Liu SS , eds. Essentials of pain medicine. 3rd edn. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders, 2011: 53\u201379.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4377-2242-0.00018-3"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.054","article-title":"Acute neck pain caused by arthritis of the lateral atlantoaxial joint","volume":"14","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.45","first-page":"136","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis of the cervical spine-clinical considerations","volume":"69","author":"Wasserman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull NYU Hosp Jt Dis"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nec.2007.04.005"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-2197.1978.tb00049.x"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1376371"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2006.00201.x","article-title":"Cervical zygapophysial joint pain maps","volume":"8","author":"Cooper","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199405001-00005"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(96)03173-9"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8619(03)00100-2"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-001-0029-7"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf166"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-001-0030-1"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198401123100220","article-title":"Occipital neuralgia and C1-C2 arthrosis","volume":"310","author":"Ehni","year":"1984","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S71","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199206001-00002","article-title":"Atlantoaxial lateral mass osteoarthritis. A frequently overlooked cause of severe occipitocervical pain","volume":"17","author":"Star","year":"1992","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2011.02.016","article-title":"A fourth atlantoaxial joint: an initial description","volume":"11","author":"Riesenburger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1633","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3182a8a603","article-title":"Posterior bilateral supernumerary atlantoaxial facets: true or false joint?","volume":"38","author":"Salunke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.8.SPINE18918","article-title":"Atlantoaxial pseudoarticulation as a cause of neck pain: case illustration","volume":"30","author":"Boucher","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.25259\/SNI_603_2019","article-title":"Unilateral atlantoaxial pseudoarticulation: a case report, literature review, and proposed mechanism","volume":"11","author":"Eaton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surg Neurol Int"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2006.00247.x","article-title":"The longitudinal effectiveness of lateral atlantoaxial intra-articular steroid injection in the treatment of cervicogenic headache","volume":"8","author":"Narouze","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2013.11.005"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/crad.2001.0703"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2012.08.018","article-title":"Outcomes of fusion for lateral atlantoaxial osteoarthritis: meta-analysis and review of literature","volume":"80","author":"Elliott","year":"2013","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000004441","article-title":"Torticollis caused by nontraumatic craniovertebral junction abnormalities","volume":"29","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-004-0506-5","article-title":"Prevalence of C1\/C2 involvement in Czech rheumatoid arthritis patients, correlation of pain intensity, and distance of ventral subluxation","volume":"26","author":"Vesela","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199612053352302"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2012.01351.x","article-title":"Cervical medial branch radiofrequency neurotomy in New Zealand","volume":"13","author":"MacVicar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/SPI-07\/07\/033"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3182387f1d"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.72","first-page":"1s","article-title":"Scientific monograph of the Quebec Task Force on whiplash-associated disorders: redefining \u201cwhiplash\u201d and its management","volume":"20","author":"Spitzer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-14-313"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.74","unstructured":"IHS classification ICHD-3: cervicogenic headache. Available: https:\/\/ichd-3.org\/11-headache-or-facial-pain-attributed-to-disorder-of-the-cranium-neck-eyes-ears-nose-sinuses-teeth-mouth-or-other-facial-or-cervical-structure\/11-2-headache-attributed-to-disorder-of-the-neck\/11-2-1-cervicogenic-headache\/ [Accessed 7 Dec 2020]."},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.57.10.1187"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-00115550-199318060-00004","article-title":"Medial branch blocks are specific for the diagnosis of cervical zygapophyseal joint pain","volume":"18","author":"Barnsley","year":"1993","journal-title":"Reg Anesth"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199006000-00004"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181c38a82"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2006.07.009"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.02.026"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.02.015"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.287.6401.1276"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198701000-00001"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12998-015-0052-0"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.31616\/asj.2018.0235","article-title":"The prevalence of asymptomatic cervical and lumbar facet arthropathy: a computed tomography study","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asian Spine J"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.86","first-page":"CR62","article-title":"Hypertrophic change of facet joint in the cervical spine","volume":"14","author":"Morishita","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.4103\/jcvjs.JCVJS_121_19","article-title":"Prevalence of facet joint arthritis and its association with spinal pain in mountain population - a cross-sectional study","volume":"11","author":"Tiwari","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Craniovertebr Junction Spine"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E713","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000000326","article-title":"Facet joint degeneration of the cervical spine: a computed tomographic analysis of 320 patients","volume":"39","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-013-1811-y"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3731"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1097\/01.rlu.0000223155.73661.f1","article-title":"Facet joint arthropathy demonstrated on FDG-PET","volume":"31","author":"Houseni","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1754-9485.12565"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2019.07.017","article-title":"Association between cervical degeneration and self-perceived nonrecovery after whiplash injury","volume":"19","author":"Rydman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jos.2018.11.011","article-title":"A 20-year prospective longitudinal MRI study on cervical spine after whiplash injury: follow-up of a cross-sectional study","volume":"24","author":"Daimon","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Orthop Sci"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200209010-00023"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-006-0379-y"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2016.06.004","article-title":"Cervical facet joint imaging-guided injections: a comparison of outcomes in patients referred based on imaging findings vs palpation for pain","volume":"39","author":"Le Clec'h","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Manipulative Physiol Ther"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2007.11.028"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200106150-00016"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060-200103000-00005"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2005.00047.x","article-title":"Percutaneous radiofrequency neurotomy for chronic neck pain: outcomes in a series of consecutive patients","volume":"6","author":"Barnsley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199404143301504"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2004.00773.x"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2013.03.032"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.105","first-page":"23","article-title":"Management of acute neck pain in general practice: a prospective study","volume":"57","author":"Vos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3182028b04"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318183391e"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.108","article-title":"Exercises for mechanical neck disorders","volume":"1","author":"Gross","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20120412"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2010.11.005"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2014.09.008"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/20.1.46","article-title":"A double-blind study of benorylate and chlormezanone in musculoskeletal disease","volume":"20","author":"Berry","year":"1981","journal-title":"Rheumatol Rehabil"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-2918(03)80067-X"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-156-1-201201030-00002"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2009.05.016"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102413485658"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70209-1"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2009.01550.x"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2009.09.002"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2007.2379"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200209010-00004"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.122","first-page":"435","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of the effect of spinal manipulation in the treatment of cervicogenic headache","volume":"18","author":"Nilsson","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Manipulative Physiol Ther"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.123","first-page":"326","article-title":"The effect of spinal manipulation in the treatment of cervicogenic headache","volume":"20","author":"Nilsson","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Manipulative Physiol Ther"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-011-0241-z","article-title":"The role of image guidance in improving the safety of pain treatment","volume":"16","author":"Rathmell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000004096","article-title":"A contemporary medicolegal analysis of outpatient interventional pain procedures: 2009-2016","volume":"129","author":"Abrecht","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E143","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2012\/15\/E143","article-title":"Complications of fluoroscopically directed facet joint nerve blocks: a prospective evaluation of 7,500 episodes with 43,000 nerve blocks","volume":"15","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2005.07.002"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200401000-00018"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e31820fc7f2"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-198901000-00008","article-title":"Paravertebral somatic nerve block: a clinical, radiographic, and computed tomographic study in chronic pain patients","volume":"68","author":"Purcell-Jones","year":"1989","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181c43103"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.132","unstructured":"Spine Intervention Society . Safety practices for interventional pain procedures. Intra-articular (zygapophysial) joint injections. Available: https:\/\/cdn.ymaws.com\/www.spineintervention.org\/resource\/resmgr\/patient_safety\/safety_practices\/safetypractices_module2.2_fa.pdf [Accessed 1 Aug 2021]."},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.133","first-page":"1031","article-title":"Detection of intravascular injection during lumbar medial branch blocks: a comparison of aspiration, live fluoroscopy, and digital subtraction technology","volume":"17","author":"Kennedy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.3344\/kjp.2015.28.2.105","article-title":"Detection rate of intravascular injections during cervical medial branch blocks: a comparison of digital subtraction angiography and static images from conventional fluoroscopy","volume":"28","author":"Jeon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Korean J Pain"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.135","unstructured":"Levinson DR . Medicare payments for facet joint injection services, 2008. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Inspector General. Available: http:\/\/oig.hhs.gov\/oei\/reports\/oei-05-07-00200.pdf [Accessed 12 Nov 2020]."},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0b013e31828b25bc"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3182605e11"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0b013e3182286af5"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.139","unstructured":"U.S. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, Medicare Coverage Database, Local Coverage Determination (LCD) . Facet joint interventions for pain management (L38801). Available: https:\/\/www.cms.gov\/medicare-coverage-database\/details\/lcd-details.aspx?LCDId=38801&ver=6&DocType=4&bc=AICAAAAAAAAA&"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.140","unstructured":"BlueCross\/BlueShield . Diagnosis and treatment of facet joint pain. Corporate Medical Policy. Available: https:\/\/www.bcbst.com\/mpmanual\/Lumbar_Facet_Steroid_Injections_for_Treatment_of_Low_Back_Pain.htm [Accessed 1 Aug 2021]."},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.141","unstructured":"Cigna Medical Coverage Policies . Musculoskeletal facet joint injections\/medial branch blocks. CMM 201.4: non-indications. Available: https:\/\/www.evicore.com\/-\/media\/files\/evicore\/provider\/network-standard\/cmm-201-facet-joint-injections.pdf [Accessed 1 Aug 2021]."},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.142","unstructured":"UnitedHealthcare Commercial Medical Policy . Epidural steroid and facet joint injections for spinal pain. policy number: 2019T0004FF. Available: https:\/\/www.uhcprovider.com\/content\/dam\/provider\/docs\/public\/policies\/comm-medical-drug\/epidural-steroid-facet-injections-spinal-pain.pdf [Accessed 1 Aug 2021]."},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.11152\/mu.2013.2066.151.jo1ugc2","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided versus computed tomography-controlled facet joint injections in the middle and lower cervical spine: a prospective randomized clinical trial","volume":"15","author":"Obernauer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med Ultrason"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200602000-00016"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-016-2516-2","article-title":"Ultrasound versus fluoroscopy-guided cervical medial branch block for the treatment of chronic cervical facet joint pain: a retrospective comparative study","volume":"46","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.146","unstructured":"Paredes S , Finlayson RJ , Narouze S . Ultrasound-guided cervical medial branch blocks: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Head Med 2020;03."},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000186"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e111","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000000613","article-title":"Spinal cord injury during ultrasound-guided C7 cervical medial branch block","volume":"96","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199907000-00015"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7863\/ultra.32.11.1885"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2011.01275.x","article-title":"A shortened radiofrequency denervation method for cervical zygapophysial joint pain based on ultrasound localization of the nerves","volume":"12","author":"Siegenthaler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2020.05.009","article-title":"CT guided cervical medial branch block and radiofrequency ablation","volume":"78","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0b013e3182374e24"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0b013e31823f3c80"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.5535\/arm.2012.36.5.627","article-title":"Feasibility of ultrasound guided atlanto-occipital joint injection","volume":"36","author":"Won","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Rehabil Med"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Narouze SN . Atlanto-axial and atlanto-occipital joints injection in the treatment of headaches and neck pain. In: Deer TR , Leong MS , Buvanendran A , eds. Comprehensive treatment of chronic pain by medical, interventional, and integrative approaches: the American Academy of Pain Medicine textbook on patient management. 1st edn. New York, NY: Springer, 2013: 297\u2013302.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-1560-2_27"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Narouze SN . Interventional management of head and face pain: nerve blocks and beyond. New York: Springer, 2014.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-8951-1"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnx256","article-title":"A new atlanto-occipital (C0-C1) joint injection technique","volume":"19","author":"Centeno","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-00115550-199419050-00010","article-title":"Atlanto-occipital joint pain. A report of three cases and description of an intraarticular joint block technique","volume":"19","author":"Dreyfuss","year":"1994","journal-title":"Reg Anesth"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00941238"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00341778","article-title":"Atlantoaxial arthrography. A postmortem study","volume":"20","author":"Mellstr\u00f6m","year":"1980","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000734"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2263","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S144255","article-title":"Outcomes of C1-2 joint injections","volume":"10","author":"Aiudi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.164","unstructured":"International Spine Intervention Society . Cervical medial branch thermal radiofrequency neurotomy. In: Bogduk N , ed. Practice guidelines for spinal diagnostic and treatment procedures. 2nd edn. San Francisco, 2013: 133\u201376."},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12474","article-title":"Effectiveness of intra-articular steroid injection for atlanto-occipital joint pain","volume":"16","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e3181619388","article-title":"The lateral atlanto-axial joint as a source of headache in congenital atlanto-occipital fusion","volume":"87","author":"El Abd","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2010.01623.x","article-title":"Upper cervical facet joint and spinal rami blocks for the treatment of cervicogenic headache","volume":"50","author":"Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-00115550-198914021-00045","article-title":"Atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial injections in the treatment of headache and neck pain","volume":"14","author":"Busch","year":"1989","journal-title":"Reg Anesth"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20060701-06","article-title":"Management of recalcitrant osteoarthritis of the atlanto-axial joint","volume":"29","author":"Kuklo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.1991.hed3110682.x"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000002414","article-title":"Clinical effectiveness of intra-articular pulsed radiofrequency compared to intra-articular corticosteroid injection for management of atlanto-occipital joint pain: a prospective randomized controlled pilot study","volume":"43","author":"Shin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.172","first-page":"54","article-title":"Intraarticular glucocorticosteroid injection into the lateral atlantoaxial joint under fluoroscopic control. A retrospective comparative study in patients with mechanical and inflammatory disorders","volume":"67","author":"Gl\u00e9marec","year":"2000","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E295","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj\/2019.22.E295","article-title":"Efficacy of atlantoaxial joint glucocorticoid injection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized trial","volume":"22","author":"Hetta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2020.06.062","article-title":"Addition of corticosteroids to local anaesthetics for chronic non-cancer pain injections: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"125","author":"Shanthanna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1053\/j.trap.2007.05.011","article-title":"Complications of head and neck procedures","volume":"11","author":"Narouze","year":"2007","journal-title":"Techniques Reg Anesth Pain Manage"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnz137","article-title":"Anatomic considerations for injection of the lateral atlanto-axial joint","volume":"20","author":"McNabney","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.G.01182"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181d7b15a","article-title":"Posterior circulation stroke after C1-C2 intraarticular facet steroid injection: evidence for diffuse microvascular injury","volume":"112","author":"Edlow","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3182016655","article-title":"Complications of C1-C2 facet injection","volume":"114","author":"Tang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3182016667","article-title":"It is time to abandon atlanto-axial joint injections: do no harm!","volume":"114","author":"Datta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2003\/6\/369","article-title":"Role of digital subtraction fluoroscopic imaging in detecting intravascular injections","volume":"6","author":"Jasper","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.12709","article-title":"Safe use of epidural corticosteroid injections: recommendations of the WIP Benelux Work Group","volume":"19","author":"Van Boxem","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/SPI-07\/12\/664"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.184","unstructured":"Spine Intervention Society . Safety practices for interventional pain procedures. Facet interventions: medical branch blocks. Available: https:\/\/cdn.ymaws.com\/www.spineintervention.org\/resource\/resmgr\/patient_safety\/safety_practices\/safetypractices_module2.1_fa.pdf [Accessed 27 Nov 2020]."},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.15746\/sms.18.037","article-title":"Postdural puncture headache after cervical medial branch block","volume":"24","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soonchunhyang Med Sci"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnz277","article-title":"Ultrasound imaging for cervical injections","volume":"21","author":"Schneider","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2018.10.003","article-title":"Cervical medial branch block volume dependent dispersion patterns as a predictor for ablation success: a cadaveric study","volume":"11","author":"Wahezi","year":"2019","journal-title":"PM R"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-199306000-00007"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-199509000-00008"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rapm.2005.05.007"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.3.SPINE10854","article-title":"Anatomical study of the third occipital nerve and its potential role in occipital headache\/neck pain following midline dissections of the craniocervical junction","volume":"15","author":"Tubbs","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnw051","article-title":"Immediate adverse events in interventional pain procedures: a multi-institutional study","volume":"17","author":"Carr","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.3340\/jkns.2012.52.3.228","article-title":"Transient adverse neurologic effects of spinal pain blocks","volume":"52","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Korean Neurosurg Soc"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318166f03d"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199704150-00013"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aer502"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.1981.tb01649.x","article-title":"Lumbar epidural anaesthesia with bupivacaine in old patients: effect of speed and direction of injection","volume":"25","author":"Rosenberg","year":"1981","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.12419","article-title":"Spread of fluid: role of tip configurations in needles","volume":"24","author":"Gomes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Skin Res Technol"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2651504","article-title":"Effect of injectate viscosity on epidural distribution in lumbar transforaminal epidural steroid injection","volume":"2019","author":"Choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain Res Manag"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198207000-00001"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000015896","article-title":"Fluoroscopic evaluation of the influence of needle gauge on epidural spread in caudal block","volume":"98","author":"Sim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1097\/00013414-199812000-00004","article-title":"Percutaneous radiofrequency neurotomy of the cervical medial branches: a validated treatment for cervical zygapophysial joint pain","volume":"8","author":"Lord","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurosurg Quart"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000175"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.148.2.6867328"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.140.1.6454162"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14444\/6081"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000287637.30163.a2"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12566","article-title":"Factors that affect radiofrequency heat lesion size","volume":"15","author":"Cosman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.209","article-title":"On the distribution of pain arising from deep somatic structures with charts of segmental pain areas","volume":"4","author":"Kellgren","year":"1939","journal-title":"Clin Sci"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2017.11.011","article-title":"Lumbar medial branch block volume-dependent dispersion patterns as a predictor for ablation success: a cadaveric study","volume":"10","author":"Wahezi","year":"2018","journal-title":"PM R"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31817329f0"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e318074c99c"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199909150-00013"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000002274","article-title":"Effectiveness of lumbar facet joint blocks and predictive value before radiofrequency denervation: the facet treatment study (FACTS), a randomized, controlled clinical trial","volume":"129","author":"Cohen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpn.ijpn_66_19","article-title":"Comparison of cervical medial branch nerve block versus trigger point injection in patients with chronic neck pain","volume":"34","author":"Hussain","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Pain"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.7.124","article-title":"Evaluation of lumbar facet joint nerve blocks in managing chronic low back pain: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial with a 2-year follow-up","volume":"7","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31817b8f88"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2014(08)05","article-title":"Controlled medial branch anesthetic block in the diagnosis of chronic lumbar facet joint pain: the value of a three-month follow-up","volume":"69","author":"Rocha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2011.02.069","article-title":"Hoarseness following cervical facet denervation: a case report","volume":"12","author":"Sutton","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1079","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj\/2016.19.E1079","article-title":"Currently recommended TON injectate volumes concomitantly block the GON: clinical implications for managing cervicogenic headache","volume":"19","author":"Wahezi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000043"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000506"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1007\/s00540-012-1404-8","article-title":"Effect of adding cervical facet joint injections in a multimodal treatment program for long-standing cervical myofascial pain syndrome with referral pain patterns of cervical facet joint syndrome","volume":"26","author":"Park","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Anesth"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5933","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-020-06974-8","article-title":"CT fluoroscopy-guided transforaminal and intra-articular facet steroid injections for the treatment of cervical radiculopathy: injectate distribution patterns and association with clinical outcome","volume":"30","author":"Bureau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9123919","article-title":"Fluoroscopic findings of extra-cervical facet joint flow and its incidence on cervical facet joint arthrograms","volume":"9","author":"Won","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X8000800303","article-title":"Clinical pharmacology of local anaesthetics","volume":"8","author":"Cousins","year":"1980","journal-title":"Anaesth Intensive Care"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(93)90189-V"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(90)90026-A"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(75)90080-1"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2006.00936.x"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2010\/13\/437","article-title":"Comparative outcomes of a 2-year follow-up of cervical medial branch blocks in management of chronic neck pain: a randomized, double-blind controlled trial","volume":"13","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.232","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02426454"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1177\/084653718803900209","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of cervical facet joint infiltration","volume":"39","author":"Roy","year":"1988","journal-title":"Can Assoc Radiol J"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.234","first-page":"E661","article-title":"Fluoroscopically-guided cervical zygapophyseal therapeutic joint injections may reduce the need for radiofrequency","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200307010-00006"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198801000-00003","article-title":"Biomechanical evaluation of the extensor musculature of the cervical spine","volume":"13","author":"Nolan","year":"1988","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.237","first-page":"509","article-title":"The density of muscle spindles in the medial, intermediate and lateral columns of human intrinsic postvertebral muscles","volume":"136","author":"Amonoo-Kuofi","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.238","article-title":"Quantitative study of muscle spindles in suboccipital muscles of human foetuses","volume":"49","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurol India"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199403000-00001"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200838020-00002"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-2500.2009.00346.x"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-006-0275-9","article-title":"Morphological changes of cervical facet joints in elderly individuals","volume":"16","author":"Kettler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.243","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2012.09.037"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0b013e31825c36c0"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjpain.2010.07.001","article-title":"Diagnostic blocks for chronic pain","volume":"1","author":"Curatolo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scand J Pain"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.246","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute . NCI dictionary of cancer terms. Available: https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/publications\/dictionaries\/cancer-terms\/def\/diagnosis [Accessed 1 Apr 2019]."},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199701000-00026"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004150050560"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X91000156"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7863\/ultra.15.07062"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnx234","article-title":"A commentary on appropriate use criteria for sacroiliac pain","volume":"18","author":"Bogduk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199809010-00008"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000333","article-title":"Pain catastrophizing and anxiety are associated with heat pain perception in a community sample of adults with chronic pain","volume":"32","author":"Terry","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.254","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200408000-00032"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnw114","article-title":"Prevalence of myofascial pain syndrome in chronic non-specific neck pain: a population-based cross-sectional descriptive study","volume":"17","author":"Cerezo-T\u00e9llez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000238"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.257","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-2500.2008.00242.x"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12632","article-title":"The use of moderate sedation for the secondary prevention of adverse vasovagal reactions","volume":"16","author":"Kennedy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.259","first-page":"1","article-title":"Association of depression\/anxiety symptoms with neck pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of literature in China","volume":"2018","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Res Manag"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.260","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-382"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2004\/7\/301","article-title":"A randomized, prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of the effect of sedation on diagnostic validity of cervical facet joint pain","volume":"7","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2006\/9\/47","article-title":"The effect of sedation on diagnostic validity of facet joint nerve blocks: an evaluation to assess similarities in population with involvement in cervical and lumbar regions (ISRCTNo: 76376497)","volume":"9","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12389","article-title":"The effect of sedation on the accuracy and treatment outcomes for diagnostic injections: a randomized, controlled, crossover study","volume":"15","author":"Cohen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2008.10.006"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2009.00756.x","article-title":"Assessment of celiac plexus block and neurolysis outcomes and technique in the management of refractory visceral cancer pain","volume":"11","author":"Erdek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2020-102017"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2005.09.005"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31815b7e9f"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.269","unstructured":"American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) . Statement on anesthetic care during interventional pain procedures for adults, 2019. Available: https:\/\/www.asahq.org\/standards-and-guidelines\/statement-on-anesthetic-care-during-interventional-pain-procedures-for-adults [Accessed 1 Aug 2021]."},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.270","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000286"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.271","unstructured":"Spine Intervention Society . Conscious sedation. Available: https:\/\/www.spineintervention.org\/news\/386491\/New-FactFinder-on-Conscious-Sedation.htm [Accessed 1 Aug 2021]."},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e31825f53bf","article-title":"Establishing an optimal \u201ccutoff\u201d threshold for diagnostic lumbar facet blocks: a prospective correlational study","volume":"29","author":"Cohen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2010\/13\/133","article-title":"Making sense of the accuracy of diagnostic lumbar facet joint nerve blocks: an assessment of the implications of 50% relief, 80% relief, single block, or controlled diagnostic blocks","volume":"13","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2012.01500.x","article-title":"Correlation of lumbar medial branch neurotomy results with diagnostic medial branch block cutoff values to optimize therapeutic outcome","volume":"13","author":"Derby","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2012.198","article-title":"Facet joint pain-advances in patient selection and treatment","volume":"9","author":"Cohen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2012.199","article-title":"Osteoarthritis of the spine: the facet joints","volume":"9","author":"Gellhorn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.277","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199801150-00004"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.278","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(93)90211-7"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.279","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000259927.85981.31"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-018-2157-9","article-title":"The prevalence of myofascial trigger points in neck and shoulder-related disorders: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"19","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.281","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2007.09.005"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.282","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000409"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.283","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.7918"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-020-00161-9","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of diclofenac\u2009+\u2009capsaicin gel in patients with acute back\/neck pain: a multicenter randomized controlled study","volume":"9","author":"Predel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain Ther"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2006.21.1.119"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-010818-021542"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.287","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199706053362303"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.288","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1313265"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/PR9.0000000000000647","article-title":"Current methods and challenges for acute pain clinical trials","volume":"4","author":"Gilron","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain Rep"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S37","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001529","article-title":"Deconstructing biomarkers for chronic pain: context- and hypothesis-dependent biomarker types in relation to chronic pain","volume":"160 Suppl 1","author":"Reckziegel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000105"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.02.006","article-title":"Cervical facet-mediated pain","volume":"22","author":"Gellhorn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S60925","article-title":"Incidence of neuropathic pain after radiofrequency denervation of the third occipital nerve","volume":"7","author":"Gazelka","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.294","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ajp.0000210941.04182.ea"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1533-2500.2002.02004.x","article-title":"Radiofrequency neurolysis for facet arthropathy: a retrospective case series and review of the literature","volume":"2","author":"Royal","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.296","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2012.06.007"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.297","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100052227","article-title":"Percutaeous radiofrequency facet rhizotomy-experience with 118 procdedures and reappraisal of its value","volume":"27","author":"Tzaan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.298","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.12043"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.299","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2013\/16\/479","article-title":"Indications for repeat diagnostic medial branch nerve blocks following a failed first medial branch nerve block","volume":"16","author":"Derby","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.300","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000229"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e3181b8cd4d"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.302","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181e33ae5"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12000","article-title":"Lumbar medial branch radiofrequency neurotomy in New Zealand","volume":"14","author":"MacVicar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnx286","article-title":"A prospective randomized trial of prognostic genicular nerve blocks to determine the predictive value for the outcome of cooled radiofrequency ablation for chronic knee pain due to osteoarthritis","volume":"19","author":"McCormick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.305","first-page":"297","article-title":"Radiofrequency cervical zygapophyseal joint neurotomy for cervicogenic headache: a prospective study of 15 patients","volume":"13","author":"van Suijlekom","year":"1998","journal-title":"Funct Neurol"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12295"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.307","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.74.1.88"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.308","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health . Federal pain research strategy. Available: https:\/\/iprcc.nih.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/iprcc\/FPRS_Research_Recommendations_Final_508C.pdf [Accessed 1 Aug 2021]."},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.309","article-title":"Comparative long-term outcomes of lateral versus posterior approach to cervical facet medial branch radiofrequency ablation. (American Academy of Pain Medicine 2013 Meeting abstract #179)","volume":"14","author":"Cheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.310","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198704000-00004"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.12499"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.312","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199504000-00014"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.313","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2010.00942.x","article-title":"Radiofrequency neurotomy for the treatment of therapy-resistant neck pain after ventral cervical operations","volume":"11","author":"Klessinger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.314","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2003.07.002"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1224159","article-title":"Radiofrequency neurotomy for headache stemming from the zygapophysial joints C2\/3 and C3\/4","volume":"71","author":"Lang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cent Eur Neurosurg"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.316","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E477","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2018.5.E477","article-title":"A retrospective review of spinal radiofrequency neurotomy procedures in patients with metallic posterior spinal instrumentation - is it safe?","volume":"21","author":"Ellwood","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1603","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318274fc5e","article-title":"Localization of the medial branches of the cervical dorsal rami during cervical laminoplasty","volume":"37","author":"Seichi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1968","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199809150-00009","article-title":"The anatomic location of the dorsal ramus of the cervical nerve and its relation to the superior articular process of the lateral mass","volume":"23","author":"Ebraheim","year":"1998","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.319","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(89)90173-5"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.320","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3181fca16b"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200702000-00021","article-title":"A computer model of electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves in regional anesthesia","volume":"106","author":"Johnson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0b013e3182576647"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e31822dd379"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.324","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1968.28.2.0105"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.325","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200005150-00012"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.3344\/kjp.2017.30.4.296","article-title":"Relationship between paravertebral muscle twitching and long-term effects of radiofrequency medial branch neurotomy","volume":"30","author":"Koh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Korean J Pain"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2009.05.014","article-title":"The significance of multifidus atrophy after successful radiofrequency neurotomy for low back pain","volume":"1","author":"Dreyfuss","year":"2009","journal-title":"PM R"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.328","unstructured":"Paterno J , Rathmell JP , Gilligan C . Cryoanalgesia and radiofrequency ablation. In: Bajwa Z , Wootton RJ , Warfield CA , eds. Principles and practice of pain medicine. 3rd edn. New York: McGraw-Hill Education, 2016."},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.329","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1979.51.2.0172"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2007.07.006","article-title":"Irreversible spinal nerve injury from dorsal ramus radiofrequency neurotomy: a case report","volume":"88","author":"Abbott","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1995.82.6.1011","article-title":"Quadrant anatomy of the articular pillars (lateral cervical mass) of the cervical spine","volume":"82","author":"Pait","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.332","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14444\/3043"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.333","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2267","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199511000-00001","article-title":"The location of the cervical nerve roots on the posterior aspect of the cervical spine","volume":"20","author":"Xu","year":"1995","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.334","first-page":"69","article-title":"Electrophysiologic principles of radiofrequency lesion making","volume":"39","author":"Organ","year":"1976","journal-title":"Appl Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E175","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2014\/17\/E175","article-title":"The science of conventional and water-cooled monopolar lumbar radiofrequency rhizotomy: an electrical engineering point of view","volume":"17","author":"Ball","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.336","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000114"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.337","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000814"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0b013e31827d18f3"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000207"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E425","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2020\/23\/E425","article-title":"Comparisons of monopolar lesion volumes with hypertonic saline solution in radiofrequency ablation: a randomized, double-blind, ex vivo study","volume":"23","author":"Provenzano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000221"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.342","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2009.11.011"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.343","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0b013e3182493bd8"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.344","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0b013e3181e82d44"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2020-101361"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.346","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1981.55.2.0246"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.347","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000161005.31398.58"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.348","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3344\/kjp.2016.29.1.3"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.349","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000090"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.350","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2008.00437.x"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.351","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e31817f4c7c"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.352","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12678","article-title":"Safety of lumbar spine radiofrequency procedures in the presence of posterior pedicle screws: technical report of a cadaver study","volume":"16","author":"Gazelka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.353","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.2016.1105092","article-title":"Cervical zygapophysial (facet) joint pain: effectiveness of interventional management strategies","volume":"128","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Postgrad Med"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.354","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4026"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000614"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.356","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000855","article-title":"Trends in pain medicine liability","volume":"123","author":"Pollak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.357","first-page":"475","article-title":"Radiofrequency denervation with or without addition of pentoxifylline or methylprednisolone for chronic lumbar zygapophysial joint pain","volume":"57","author":"Dobrogowski","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rep"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.358","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj\/2019.22.69","article-title":"The impact of local steroid administration on the incidence of neuritis following lumbar facet radiofrequency neurotomy","volume":"22","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.359","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnaa009","article-title":"Antiplatelet and anticoagulant risk for select spine interventions: a retrospective cohort","volume":"21","author":"Ehsanian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E955","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2012\/15\/E955","article-title":"Assessment of practice patterns of perioperative management of antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy in interventional pain management","volume":"15","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.361","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000700"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/ane.0b013e318162c358"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.363","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000363"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.364","first-page":"403","article-title":"The risks of continuing or discontinuing anticoagulants for patients undergoing common interventional pain procedures","volume":"18","author":"Endres","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.365","first-page":"1885","article-title":"The risks of continuing or discontinuing anticoagulants in diverse interventional pain procedures","volume":"19","author":"Bernstein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.366","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.23336","article-title":"Thromboembolic and bleeding risk of periprocedural bridging anticoagulation: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"43","author":"Kuo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Cardiol"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.367","unstructured":"Saffarian M , Lee H , McCormick ZL , Spine Intervention\u2019s Society Patient Safety Committee . Anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents for cervical medial branch radiofrequency neurotomy, 2021. Available: https:\/\/cdn.ymaws.com\/www.spineintervention.org\/resource\/resmgr\/factfinder\/21\/07.ff.anticoags&cmbrfn.pdf [Accessed 1 Aug 2021]."},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.368","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2015.83"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.369","first-page":"658","article-title":"The effectiveness and risks of fluoroscopically-guided cervical medial branch thermal radiofrequency neurotomy: a systematic review with comprehensive analysis of the published data","volume":"17","author":"Engel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.2217\/pmt.14.53","article-title":"Epidural steroid injections: an updated review on recent trends in safety and complications","volume":"5","author":"Bicket","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain Manag"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.371","first-page":"501","article-title":"The role of gabapentin in the prevention of postoperative neuritis following radiofrequency ablation of cervical and lumbar medial branch nerves","volume":"3","author":"Welsh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ind J Basic App Med Res"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.372","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2010.00978.x","article-title":"Efficacy of diclofenac sodium in pain relief after conventional radiofrequency denervation for chronic facet joint pain: a double-blind randomized controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"Ma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.373","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjan.2014.04.004","article-title":"Spinal injection of local anesthetic during cervical facet joint injection","volume":"66","author":"Ramos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Braz J Anesthesiol"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.374","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2005.04.006","article-title":"Radiographic changes induced after cervical facet radiofrequency denervation","volume":"5","author":"Smith","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.375","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000311085.73519.B4"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.376","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E505","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj\/2019.19.E505","article-title":"Bipolar radiofrequency neurotomy to treat neck and back pain in patients with automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator","volume":"19","author":"Bautista","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.377","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2009.00686.x","article-title":"Radiofrequency neurotomy for a patient with deep brain stimulators: proposed safety guidelines","volume":"10","author":"Osborne","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.378","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181fbe7f6"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8159.1995.tb04746.x"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.380","article-title":"Long-term effects of radiofrequency catheter ablation on previously implanted pacemakers","volume":"16","author":"Moore","year":"1993","journal-title":"PACE"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.381","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith C , DeFrancesch F , Patel J , et al . Radiofrequency neurotomy for facet joint pain in patients with permanent pacemakers and defibrillators, 2018. Available: https:\/\/cdn.ymaws.com\/www.spineintervention.org\/resource\/resmgr\/factfinder\/factfinder_2018_08_rfn_pacem.pdf [Accessed 26 Aug 2021].","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pny213"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.382","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pny213","article-title":"Radiofrequency neurotomy for facet joint pain in patients with permanent pacemakers and defibrillators","volume":"20","author":"Smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.383","first-page":"523","article-title":"Percutaneous radiofrequency rhizotomy of the lumbar facets","volume":"53","author":"Katz","year":"1986","journal-title":"Mt Sinai J Med"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.384","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnx204","article-title":"Third-degree skin burn from conventional radiofrequency ablation of the inferiomedial genicular nerve","volume":"19","author":"McCormick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.385","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(77)90006-9"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.386","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1002\/pmrj.12143","article-title":"Second-degree skin burn from a radiofrequency grounding pad: a case report and review of risk-mitigation strategies","volume":"11","author":"Burnham","year":"2019","journal-title":"PM R"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.387","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnv078","article-title":"Safety of lumbar spine radiofrequency procedures in patients who have posterior spinal hardware","volume":"17","author":"Lamer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.388","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/PR9.0000000000000687","article-title":"Unique aspects of clinical trials of invasive therapies for chronic pain","volume":"4","author":"Cohen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain Rep"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.389","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0b013e318158971f"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(01)00003-1","article-title":"Biomechanics of the cervical spine. Part 3: Minor injuries","volume":"16","author":"Bogduk","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Biomech"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.391","unstructured":"Crawford JR , Nuffort LE . Defending claims involving future radiofrequency neurotomy treatments. For the defense 2018; October: 64-69. Available: https:\/\/www.lommen.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/John-Crawford-Lauren-Nuffort-Article-Defending-Claims-Involving-Future-Radiofrequency-Neurotomy-Treatments.pdf [Accessed 5 Apr 2021]."},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.392","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2010.01022.x","article-title":"Outcomes of percutaneous zygapophysial and sacroiliac joint neurotomy in a community setting","volume":"12","author":"Speldewinde","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.393","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2010.00923.x","article-title":"The effect of repeated zygapophysial joint radiofrequency neurotomy on pain, disability, and improvement duration","volume":"11","author":"Rambaransingh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.394","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-2500.2012.00557.x","article-title":"The effectiveness of repeat celiac plexus neurolysis for pancreatic cancer: a pilot study","volume":"13","author":"McGreevy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.395","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0b013e3181958f4b"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.396","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4081\/bam.2015.2.77","article-title":"Persistent muscle fiber regeneration in long term denervation. past, present, future","volume":"25","author":"Carraro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Transl Myol"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.397","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4081\/bam.2014.1.5","article-title":"The biology of long-term denervated skeletal muscle","volume":"24","author":"Carlson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Transl Myol"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M15-0934"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.399","first-page":"79","article-title":"The diagnosis and treatment of nonspecific neck pain and whiplash","volume":"43","author":"Binder","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eura Medicophys"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.400","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BRS.0000132307.06321.3C"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-10-13"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.402","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2003.08.001"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.403","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2011.02.005"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.404","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED.169.10.781","article-title":"The causes of false-positive medial branch (facet joint) blocks in soldiers and retirees","volume":"169","author":"Cohen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.405","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-11-206"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.406","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0b013e31828ea086"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31816445ea"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.408","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.1464"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.409","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-8-22"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.410","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000337"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.411","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/rapm.2001.23673"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.412","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.5455\/aim.2008.16.219-225","article-title":"Evidence based medicine - new approaches and challenges","volume":"16","author":"Masic","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Inform Med"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.413","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1988.tb99431.x","article-title":"The accuracy of manual diagnosis for cervical zygapophysial joint pain syndromes","volume":"148","author":"Jull","year":"1988","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.414","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.02.016","article-title":"Use of single-photon emission computed tomography imaging for hypermetabolic facet identification in diagnosis of cervical and axial back pain","volume":"137","author":"Perez-Roman","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.415","first-page":"333","article-title":"Therapeutic cervical medial branch blocks in managing chronic neck pain: a preliminary report of a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial: clinical trial NCT0033272","volume":"9","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.416","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0b013e3180577812"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.417","first-page":"285","article-title":"Response to cervical medial branch blocks in patients with cervicogenic vertigo","volume":"21","author":"Hahn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.418","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2002\/5\/365","article-title":"Is there correlation of facet joint pain in lumbar and cervical spine? An evaluation of prevalence in combined chronic low back and neck pain","volume":"5","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.419","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-5-15"},{"key":"2025101113193748000_47.1.3.420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2007.00369.x","article-title":"The nature of neck pain in a private pain clinic in the United States","volume":"9","author":"Yin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pain Med"}],"container-title":["Regional Anesthesia &amp; Pain Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/rapm-2021-103031","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:20:20Z","timestamp":1760214020000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/rapm.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/rapm-2021-103031"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]]},"references-count":420,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/rapm-2021-103031"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/rapm-2021-103031","relation":{},"ISSN":["1098-7339","1532-8651"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1098-7339","type":"print"},{"value":"1532-8651","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]]}}}