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Given the increasing prevalence of these systems in the overall population, it is important for anesthesiologists, surgeons, and the perioperative healthcare team to familiarize themselves with these systems and their unique perioperative considerations. In this review, we explore and highlight the various neuromodulation systems, their general perioperative considerations, and notable special circumstances for perioperative management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2022-103660","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]],"date-time":"2023-04-20T05:10:24Z","timestamp":1681967424000},"page":"327-336","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Perioperative and anesthetic considerations for the management of neuromodulation systems"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2794-738X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vwaire","family":"Orhurhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Williamsport, Pennsylvania, USA"},{"name":"Pain Medicine, MVM Health, East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0353-1002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nasir","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jay","family":"Karri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2735-248X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward R","family":"Mariano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care Service, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alaa","family":"Abd-Elsayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia, Divsion of Pain Medicine, University of Wisconsin Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025101113025148000_48.6.327.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000086865"},{"key":"2025101113025148000_48.6.327.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00794-7","article-title":"Neuromodulation for chronic pain","volume":"397","author":"Knotkova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025101113025148000_48.6.327.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12538","article-title":"The polyanalgesic consensus conference (PACC): recommendations on intrathecal drug infusion systems best practices and guidelines","volume":"20","author":"Deer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"2025101113025148000_48.6.327.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krames ES , Peckham PH , Rezai AR . 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