{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T13:06:21Z","timestamp":1772024781047,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","funder":[{"name":"Lo-Hsu Medical Foundation, LotungPoh-Ai Hospital","award":["11001, 11010, 11013 and 11103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11001, 11010, 11013 and 11103"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Reg Anesth Pain Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To elucidate the association of presurgical sarcopenia and long-term non-opioid analgesic and opioid use after elective surgery under general anesthesia.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We conducted this population-based propensity score matched to investigate the effects of sarcopenia and long-term non-opioid analgesic and opioid use after elective surgery under general anesthesia between 1 October 2016 and 31 December 2019 from Taiwan\u2019s National Health Insurance Research Database. Sarcopenia is a disease and coded as M62.84 in the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, Clinical Modification. The primary outcome was the combined rate of the long-term use of all non-opioid analgesics or opioids over 3 and 6 months after elective surgery. By performing a logistic regression analysis, we calculated the adjusted ORs (aORs) with 95% CIs to identify the independent predictors for long-term non-opioid analgesic and opioid use after surgery.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In total, 2860 patients underwent elective surgery. The 3-month non-opioid analgesic and opioid use rates were respectively 49.7% and 1.8% in the sarcopenia group and 37.9% and 0.9% in the non-sarcopenia group; by contrast, 6-month non-opioid analgesic and opioid use rates were respectively 31.6% and 1.2% in the sarcopenia group and 17.2% and 0.3% in the non-sarcopenia group. Moreover, presurgical sarcopenia increased the risk of long-term non-opioid analgesic and opioid use after elective surgery under general anesthesia (aORs for non-opioid analgesic use over 3 and 6 months after surgery: 1.17 (95% CI 1.05 to 2.23) and 1.26 (95% CI 1.04 to 1.45), respectively; aORs for opioid use over 3 and 6 months after surgery: 1.17 (95% CI 1.07 to 2.21) and 1.23 (95% CI 1.10 to 3.64), respectively).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Sarcopenia is associated with higher rates of long-term non-opioid analgesic and opioid use after elective surgery under general anesthesia.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The aim of this study was to compare the long-term use of non-opioid analgesics and opioids after elective surgery under general anesthesia between patients with and without sarcopenia. Results suggest that patients with sarcopenia are more likely to have increased use of non-opioid analgesics and opioids after surgery. Further research is needed to determine if sarcopenia can be modified prior to surgery and if this impacts the need for long-term pain management with these medications.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2022-104144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]],"date-time":"2023-01-11T11:00:47Z","timestamp":1673434847000},"page":"205-210","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Sarcopenia is associated with an increase in long-term use of analgesics after elective surgery under general anesthesia"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Mingyang","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Henan Provincial People\u2019s Hospital, People\u2019s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wan-Ming","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Business Administration, College of Management, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan"},{"name":"Artificial Intelligence Development Center, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5637-558X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Szu-Yuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Business Administration, College of Management, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan"},{"name":"Artificial Intelligence Development Center, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan"},{"name":"Big Data Center, Lo-Hsu Medical Foundation, Lotung Poh-Ai Hospital, Yilan, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Radiation Oncology, Lo-Hsu Medical Foundation, LotungPoh-Ai Hospital, Yilan, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiaqiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Henan Provincial People\u2019s Hospital, People\u2019s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025090414514878000_48.5.205.1","first-page":"S1","article-title":"Classification of chronic pain. descriptions of chronic pain syndromes and definitions of pain terms. prepared by the International association for the study of pain, Subcommittee on taxonomy","volume":"3","year":"1986","journal-title":"Pain Suppl"},{"key":"2025090414514878000_48.5.205.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aen099"},{"key":"2025090414514878000_48.5.205.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.15.159293"},{"key":"2025090414514878000_48.5.205.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnaa107","article-title":"Chronic pain increases the risk for major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events: a nationwide population-based study in Asia","volume":"21","author":"Chung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025090414514878000_48.5.205.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aer116"},{"key":"2025090414514878000_48.5.205.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200010000-00038"},{"key":"2025090414514878000_48.5.205.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2021.110438","article-title":"Long-Term analgesic and opioid prescription after surgery under general or neuraxial anesthesia: a retrospective nationwide sampling study","volume":"75","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"key":"2025090414514878000_48.5.205.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169548","article-title":"Health outcomes of sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Beaudart","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025090414514878000_48.5.205.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afz046","article-title":"Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis","volume":"48","author":"Cruz-Jentoft","year":"2019","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"2025090414514878000_48.5.205.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2022.02.005","article-title":"Prevalence of sarcopenia in pain patients and correlation between the two conditions: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"key":"2025090414514878000_48.5.205.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.25898","article-title":"Sarcopenia is associated with increased mortality but not complications following resection and reconstruction of sarcoma of the extremities","volume":"121","author":"Hendrickson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"2025090414514878000_48.5.205.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1308\/rcsann.2021.0082","article-title":"Sarcopenia as a predictor of postoperative risk of complications, mortality and length of stay following gastrointestinal oncological surgery","volume":"103","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann R Coll Surg Engl"},{"key":"2025090414514878000_48.5.205.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1177\/1457496917748221","article-title":"Preoperative computed Tomography\u2013Determined sarcopenia and postoperative outcome after surgery for non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"107","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scand J Surg"},{"key":"2025090414514878000_48.5.205.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2017.12.017","article-title":"Sarcopenia is not associated with morbidity, mortality, or recurrence after esophagectomy for cancer","volume":"215","author":"Siegal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"2025090414514878000_48.5.205.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14091910","article-title":"Sarcopenia as an independent risk factor for specific cancers: a propensity score-matched Asian population-based cohort study","volume":"14","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2025090414514878000_48.5.205.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2992","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11112992","article-title":"Sarcopenia is an independent risk factor for severe diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes: a long-term follow-up propensity score-matched diabetes cohort study","volume":"11","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2025090414514878000_48.5.205.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14133246","article-title":"Effect of pre-existing sarcopenia on oncological outcomes for oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma undergoing curative surgery: a propensity score-matched, nationwide, population-based cohort study","volume":"14","author":"Tsai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"2025090414514878000_48.5.205.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.12.051","article-title":"Effect of opioids on cancer survival in patients with chronic pain: a propensity score-matched population-based cohort study","volume":"128","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"2025090414514878000_48.5.205.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.04.014","article-title":"Association between long-term opioid use and cancer risk in patients with chronic pain: a propensity score-matched cohort study","volume":"129","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"2025090414514878000_48.5.205.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12147","article-title":"Welcome to the ICD-10 code for sarcopenia","volume":"7","author":"Anker","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"2025090414514878000_48.5.205.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2008.01854.x"},{"key":"2025090414514878000_48.5.205.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-017-0338-0","article-title":"Double-adjustment in propensity score matching analysis: choosing a threshold for considering residual imbalance","volume":"17","author":"Nguyen","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"2025090414514878000_48.5.205.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2018.12.10","article-title":"Balance diagnostics after propensity score matching","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"key":"2025090414514878000_48.5.205.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.3263","article-title":"One-to-many propensity score matching in cohort studies","volume":"21 Suppl 2","author":"Rassen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"key":"2025090414514878000_48.5.205.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pst.433"},{"key":"2025090414514878000_48.5.205.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4037\/ccn2015440"},{"key":"2025090414514878000_48.5.205.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i134"},{"key":"2025090414514878000_48.5.205.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.7367","article-title":"Rate and risk factors associated with prolonged opioid use after surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"3","author":"Lawal","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2025090414514878000_48.5.205.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s40200-017-0302-x","article-title":"Prevalence of sarcopenia in the world: a systematic review and meta- analysis of general population studies","volume":"16","author":"Shafiee","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Diabetes Metab Disord"},{"key":"2025090414514878000_48.5.205.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.14100","article-title":"Low back pain is closely associated with frailty but not with sarcopenia: Cross\u2010sectional study of rural Japanese community\u2010dwelling older adults","volume":"21","author":"Tsuji","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geriatr Gerontol Int"},{"key":"2025090414514878000_48.5.205.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2018.08.035"},{"key":"2025090414514878000_48.5.205.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2012.tb00425.x","article-title":"Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases","volume":"2","author":"Booth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"key":"2025090414514878000_48.5.205.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10926-009-9164-5"},{"key":"2025090414514878000_48.5.205.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181d952a5"},{"key":"2025090414514878000_48.5.205.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2015.08.010","article-title":"Dual allosteric modulation of opioid antinociceptive potency by \u03b12A-Adrenoceptors","volume":"99","author":"Chabot-Dor\u00e9","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"2025090414514878000_48.5.205.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2020.00054","article-title":"Positive allosteric modulation of CB1 cannabinoid receptor signaling enhances morphine antinociception and attenuates morphine tolerance without enhancing morphine- induced dependence or reward","volume":"13","author":"Slivicki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"2025090414514878000_48.5.205.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2204","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002165","article-title":"Does aerobic exercise training alter responses to opioid analgesics in individuals with chronic low back pain? A randomized controlled trial","volume":"162","author":"Bruehl","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain"}],"container-title":["Regional Anesthesia &amp; Pain Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/rapm-2022-104144","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T21:54:16Z","timestamp":1757022856000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/rapm.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/rapm-2022-104144"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/rapm-2022-104144"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/rapm-2022-104144","relation":{},"ISSN":["1098-7339","1532-8651"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1098-7339","type":"print"},{"value":"1532-8651","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]]}}}