{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T06:14:24Z","timestamp":1791699264101,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006942","name":"Medical University of South Carolina","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006942","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Reg Anesth Pain Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Electrical storm can be challenging to treat, requiring a multidisciplinary team to coordinate medical management and invasive procedures. As the stellate ganglion provides efferent sympathetic outflow to the myocardium, stellate ganglion blocks (SGB) can be used to combat ventricular arrhythmias that arise from sympathetic overactivity. Data are scarce regarding SGB catheters as a treatment for electrical storm. We reviewed our use of SGB catheters for refractory electrical storm using our pathway collaboratively developed by critical care, cardiology, and regional anesthesia teams.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent an SGB for electrical storm between January 2020 and April 2022 in our cardiovascular intensive care unit. The primary outcome was the sustained cessation of electrical storm for 24 hours.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Upon chart review, 27 patients were identified and 11 met inclusion criteria. Cessation of electrical storm for 24 hours was achieved in 90% (n=10) of patients after left SGB. Similarly, 90% (n=10) had no documented episodes of ventricular arrhythmias requiring intervention within 6 hours after SGB.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>SGBs can interrupt or treat electrical storm. SGB catheters allow for prolonged arrhythmia cessation without repeated blocks and decrease the risk of repeat episodes of ventricular arrhythmias.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2022-104172","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T10:40:28Z","timestamp":1675248028000},"page":"224-228","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Stellate ganglion block catheters for refractory electrical storm: a retrospective cohort and care pathway"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2604-6061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rishi Ashok","family":"Patel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3062-9590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jackson M","family":"Condrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5184-5677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renuka M","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7124-5158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bethany J","family":"Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4747-6009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylvia H","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025101109564340000_48.5.224.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baldi E , Conte G , Zeppenfeld K , et al . Contemporary management of ventricular electrical storm in europe: results of a european heart rhythm association survey. Europace 5, 2022. doi:10.1093\/europace\/euac151","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euac151"},{"key":"2025101109564340000_48.5.224.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlc.2018.10.005","article-title":"Contemporary management of electrical storm","volume":"28","author":"Geraghty","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heart Lung Circ"},{"key":"2025101109564340000_48.5.224.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2017.10.036","article-title":"2017 AHA\/ACC\/HRS guideline for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: a report of the american college of cardiology\/american heart association task force on clinical practice guidelines and the heart rhythm society","volume":"15","author":"Al-Khatib","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"2025101109564340000_48.5.224.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2020.09.032","article-title":"Stellate ganglion blockade with continuous infusion versus single injection for treatment of ventricular arrhythmia storm","volume":"7","author":"Sanghai","year":"2021","journal-title":"JACC Clin Electrophysiol"},{"key":"2025101109564340000_48.5.224.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.118.007118","article-title":"Effective use of percutaneous stellate ganglion blockade in patients with electrical storm","volume":"12","author":"Tian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"key":"2025101109564340000_48.5.224.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2017.06.006"},{"key":"2025101109564340000_48.5.224.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2019.12.017"},{"key":"2025101109564340000_48.5.224.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2016.07.025","article-title":"Perineural catheter infection: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"35","author":"Nicolotti","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"key":"2025101109564340000_48.5.224.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000644"},{"key":"2025101109564340000_48.5.224.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000700"},{"key":"2025101109564340000_48.5.224.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.13077","article-title":"Successful treatment of complex regional pain syndrome type 1 of upper limb with cryoneurolysis of the stellate ganglion: a rare case report","volume":"22","author":"Sarridou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"key":"2025101109564340000_48.5.224.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000004334","article-title":"Preoperative ultrasound-guided percutaneous cryoneurolysis for the treatment of pain after mastectomy: a randomized, participant- and observer-masked, sham-controlled study","volume":"137","author":"Ilfeld","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"}],"container-title":["Regional Anesthesia &amp; Pain Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/rapm-2022-104172","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T16:56:48Z","timestamp":1760201808000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/rapm.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/rapm-2022-104172"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/rapm-2022-104172"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/rapm-2022-104172","relation":{},"ISSN":["1098-7339","1532-8651"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1098-7339","type":"print"},{"value":"1532-8651","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]}}}