{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T02:15:31Z","timestamp":1792721731217,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Reg Anesth Pain Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study aimed to investigate whether low-volume local anesthetic with intravenous dexamethasone can reduce the incidence of diaphragmatic paresis while maintaining the analgesic duration compared with conventional volume of local anesthetic without intravenous dexamethasone when performing ultrasound-guided superior trunk block in patients undergoing arthroscopic shoulder surgery.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Eighty-four adult patients undergoing arthroscopic shoulder surgery under general anesthesia were randomly assigned to receive ultrasound-guided superior trunk block using 7\u2009mL of 0.5% ropivacaine with 0.15\u2009mg\/kg of intravenous dexamethasone (treatment group), or 15\u2009mL of 0.5% ropivacaine with intravenous normal saline (control group). The co-primary outcomes were (1) the duration of analgesia (time between block completion and onset of surgical pain with a Numeric Rating Scale pain score of 4 or higher), which was compared against a non-inferiority margin of 3\u2009hours, and (2) the incidence of diaphragmatic paresis evaluated using M-mode ultrasonography in the post-anesthesia care unit.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The mean duration of analgesia was 12.4 (6.8) and 11.2 (4.6) hours in the treatment and control groups, respectively (mean difference: \u22121.2\u2009hours; 95%\u2009CI \u22123.8 to 1.3]; p for non-inferiority&lt;0.001), meeting the non-inferiority criteria. The incidence of diaphragmatic paresis was 45.2% and 85.4% in the treatment and control groups, respectively (relative risk: 0.53; 97.5%\u2009CI 0.35 to 0.80; p&lt;0.001).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Superior trunk block using low-volume local anesthetic with intravenous dexamethasone can reduce the incidence of diaphragmatic paresis while providing non-inferior analgesic duration compared with the conventional volume of local anesthetic in patients undergoing arthroscopic shoulder surgery.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Clinical Research Information Service of Republic of Korea Registry (KCT0005998).<\/jats:p>\n               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Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4679-6027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seokha","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sae Hoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hansol","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of 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