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A narrative review of the literature surrounding hallucinogens and psychedelics was completed. Hallucinogens and psychedelics are quite varied in their mechanisms of action and therefore present a variety of perioperative implications and perioperative considerations. Many of these substances increase serotonin levels or act directly at serotonergic receptors. However, there are other relevant actions that may include varied mechanisms from N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonism to stimulation of muscarinic receptors. With hallucinogen exposure rates on the rise, understanding the effects of hallucinogens is important for optimizing management and reducing risks perioperatively for patients with acute or chronic exposure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2023-104851","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]],"date-time":"2024-02-15T12:00:32Z","timestamp":1707998432000},"page":"877-882","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Perioperative considerations for patients exposed to hallucinogens"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3802-5946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trent","family":"Emerick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Chronic Pain Division, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tetyana","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas Jeff","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pain Mechanisms Lab, Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Doug","family":"Ririe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pain Mechanisms Lab, Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025101109475086000_49.12.877.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2018.09.020"},{"key":"2025101109475086000_49.12.877.2","unstructured":"Marijuana and Hallucinogen use among young adults reached all time-high in 2021. 2022. 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