{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T12:27:21Z","timestamp":1790857641856,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Reg Anesth Pain Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Peripheral nerve injury or post-block neurological dysfunction (PBND) are uncommon but a recognized complications of peripheral nerve blocks (PNB). A broad range of its incidence is noted in the literature and hence a critical appraisal of its occurrence is needed.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In this review, we wanted to know the pooled estimates of PBND and further, determine its pooled estimates following various PNB over time. Additionally, we also sought to estimate the incidence of PBND with or without US guidance.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Evidence review<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A literature search was conducted in six databases. For the purposes of the review, we defined PBND as any new-onset sensorimotor disturbances in the distribution of the performed PNB either attributable to the PNB (when reported) or reported in the context of the PNB (when association with a PNB was not mentioned). Both prospective and retrospective studies which provided incidence of PBND at timepoints of interest (&gt;48\u2009hours to &lt;2 weeks; &gt;2 weeks to 6 weeks, 7 weeks to 5 months, 6 months to 1\u2009year and &gt;1\u2009year durations) were included for review. Incidence data were used to provide pooled estimates (with 95%\u2009CI) of PBND at these time periods. Similar estimates were obtained to know the incidence of PBND with or without the use of US guidance. Additionally, PBND associated with individual PNB were obtained in a similar fashion with upper and lower limb PNB classified based on the anatomical location of needle insertion.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The overall incidence of PBND decreased with time, with the incidence being approximately 1% at &lt;2 weeks\u2019 time (Incidence per thousand (95% CI)= 9 (8; to 11)) to approximately 3\/10 000 at 1\u2009year (Incidence per thousand (95% CI)= 0. 3 (0.1; to 0.5)). Incidence of PBND differed for individual PNB with the highest incidence noted for interscalene block.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our review adds information to existing literature that the neurological complications are rarer but seem to display a higher incidence for some blocks more than others. Use of US guidance may be associated with a lower incidence of PBND especially in those PNBs reporting a higher pooled estimates. Future studies need to standardize the reporting of PBND at various timepoints and its association to PNB.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2023-104855","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,8]],"date-time":"2023-11-08T12:06:09Z","timestamp":1699445169000},"page":"122-132","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Neurological injury following peripheral nerve blocks: a narrative review of estimates of risks and the influence of ultrasound guidance"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Ethan","family":"Lemke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Health-West, Wyoming, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0417-6455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David F","family":"Johnston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew B","family":"Behrens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Kent Hospital, Warwick, Rhode Island, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7783-9897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melinda S","family":"Seering","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Healthcare, Iowa City, Iowa, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brie M","family":"McConnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Davis Library, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7894-6125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tejinder Singh","family":"Swaran Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Healthcare, Iowa City, Iowa, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1132-9066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rakesh V","family":"Sondekoppam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Healthcare, Iowa City, Iowa, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025090415231307000_49.2.122.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aeu559"},{"key":"2025090415231307000_49.2.122.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000001804","article-title":"Factors associated with risk of neurologic complications after peripheral nerve blocks: a systematic review","volume":"124","author":"Sondekoppam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"2025090415231307000_49.2.122.3","unstructured":"Algorithm for the management of nerve injury associated with regional anaesthesia, 2021, . 2022 Available: https:\/\/www.ra-uk.org\/index.php\/12-guidelines\/266-ra-uk-algorithm-for-management-of-nerve-injury-associated-with-regional-anaesthesia"},{"key":"2025090415231307000_49.2.122.4","unstructured":"Ra-uk algorithm for management of nerve injury associated with regional anaesthesia, Available: https:\/\/www.ra-uk.org\/index.php\/12-guidelines\/266-ra-uk-algorithm-for-management-of-nerve-injury-associated-with-regional-anaesthesia"},{"key":"2025090415231307000_49.2.122.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199709000-00005"},{"key":"2025090415231307000_49.2.122.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199902000-00030","article-title":"The risk of persistent paresthesia is not increased with repeated Axillary block","volume":"88","author":"Horlocker","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"2025090415231307000_49.2.122.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200308000-00026"},{"key":"2025090415231307000_49.2.122.8","first-page":"21","article-title":"The Axillary brachial plexus block. 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