{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T19:35:00Z","timestamp":1792265700374,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Reg Anesth Pain Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Innervation of the shoulder joint is complex and remains poorly understood among regional anesthesiologists and chronic pain specialists. Current literature supports the important contribution of the axillary nerve to the total innervation of the shoulder, as well as its blockade for perioperative pain and denervation for chronic shoulder pain. However, a description of the entire course of the axillary nerve, the corresponding optimal targets, and the sonoanatomy pertinent to pain intervention is lacking. This educational article discusses in detail the functional anatomy and sonographic identification of possible windows for axillary nerve intervention. We discuss the contribution, extent, and type of innervation the axillary nerve provides to the shoulder joint, which is often misunderstood. Ultimately, this article serves to stimulate thoughts and ideas for future research in an area where literature is scarce.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2024-106010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,26]],"date-time":"2024-10-26T08:10:25Z","timestamp":1729930225000},"page":"152-160","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Axillary nerve: what anesthesiologists and pain physicians should know"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5596-2871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle","family":"Chong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, oronto Western Hospital, Univeristy Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Fernanda","family":"Rojas Gomez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinica Cirulaser Andes, Bogata, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1704-7991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, oronto Western Hospital, Univeristy Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020508450771000_51.2.152.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12749","article-title":"Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for Chronic Shoulder Pain: A Proof of Concept Anatomy Study","volume":"21","author":"Gofeld","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"2026020508450771000_51.2.152.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.13096","article-title":"Axillary Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for Chronic Shoulder Pain: A Retrospective Case Series","volume":"23","author":"Mansfield","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuromodul Technol Neural Interface"},{"key":"2026020508450771000_51.2.152.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0b013e3181aea16f"},{"key":"2026020508450771000_51.2.152.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2018-100152"},{"key":"2026020508450771000_51.2.152.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2020.07.017","article-title":"Sensory innervation of the human shoulder joint: the three bridges to break","volume":"29","author":"Laumonerie","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"2026020508450771000_51.2.152.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yousuf MS , Basbaum AI , et al . Basic mechanisms and pathophysiology of pain. In: Lynch ME , Craig KD , Peng P , eds. Clinical pain management: a practical guide. New Jersey, US: Wiley & Sons, 2022: 25\u201339.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119701170.ch3"},{"key":"2026020508450771000_51.2.152.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01627959","article-title":"Anatomical basis of the variable aspects of injuries of the axillary nerve (excluding the terminal branches in the deltoid muscle)","volume":"19","author":"Duparc","year":"1997","journal-title":"Surg Radiol Anat"},{"key":"2026020508450771000_51.2.152.8","unstructured":"Rojas MF , Peng P . Chapter 18: Axillary Nerve Blockade. Regional Nerve Blocks in Anesthesia and Pain Therapy 5th Edition. 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