{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T00:14:44Z","timestamp":1793060084575,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"8","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005627","name":"Universit\u00e9 de Li\u00e8ge","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005627","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Algology Interdisciplinary Centre"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008333","name":"Fondazione Europea Ricerca Biomedica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BioWin Health Cluster framework"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BioWin Health Cluster framework"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008333","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"EU Marie Curie post-doctoral grant","award":["Hynpodelic"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Hynpodelic"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004325","name":"AstraZeneca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004325","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005026","name":"Stichting Tegen Kanker","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023\/081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023\/081"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005026","name":"Stichting Tegen Kanker","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C\/2020\/1357"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C\/2020\/1357"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Reg Anesth Pain Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Perioperative psychological stress significantly influences recovery after surgery. Sciatic nerve and ankle blocks are commonly used techniques for achieving postoperative analgesia in outpatient foot surgery. However, these procedures can cause discomfort for patients, potentially affecting their postoperative functional recovery. This study aims to assess the impact of virtual reality with or without hypnosis on patient satisfaction and postoperative functional recovery in patients undergoing peripheral nerve blocks for outpatient foot surgery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A prospective randomized clinical trial was conducted involving 57 patients scheduled for outpatient foot surgery with combined sciatic popliteal and ankle nerve blocks. Patients were randomly assigned to one of three groups: group C (usual care with intravenous midazolam), group VR (virtual reality immersion through glasses and headsets), or group VRH (virtual reality immersion with prerecorded hypnosis-sedation session). Patient satisfaction with the regional anesthesia experience (evaluated using the EVAN-LR score, Evaluation du V\u00e9cu de l\u2019Anesth\u00e9sie LocoR\u00e9gionale Score) was assessed 4\u2009hours after surgery. The quality of recovery 15-item and perioperative anxiety (Numeric Rate Scale (NRS) and six-item Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-6)) were evaluated at fixed time points: 1\u2009hour before and after surgery for NRS-anxiety and STAI-6 and 1\u2009day before surgery, and at day 1 and day 3 postoperatively for Quality-of-Recovery-15 items.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Postoperative EVAN-LR scores were similar across groups (group C: 91 (86.5, 93.5) vs group VR: 90 (87.5, 93.5) vs group VRH: 91 (89, 93); p=0.64). There were no significant differences in the evolution of quality of recovery 15-item (p=0.25) nor perioperative anxiety (NRS and STAI-6: p=0.18\u2009and p=0.14, respectively) among the groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Virtual reality with or without hypnosis did not significantly impact satisfaction with regional anesthesia techniques in outpatient foot surgery. Additionally, there were no differences observed among the groups in terms of functional recovery during the first three postoperative days.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"clintrialgov\" xlink:href=\"NCT05558449\">NCT05558449<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2025-106678","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,22]],"date-time":"2025-06-22T07:40:12Z","timestamp":1750578012000},"page":"931-939","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Influence of virtual reality with or without hypnosis on patient-related experience and functional recovery in outpatient foot surgery with regional anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"51","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct05558449","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct05558449","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4799-014X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Carella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Li\u00e8ge University Hospital Sart Tilman Site, Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"},{"name":"Inflammation and Enhanced Rehabilitation Laboratory (Regional Anesthesia and Analgesia), GIGA-I3 Thematic Unit, Universite de Liege GIGA Institute, Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aminata","family":"Bicego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Conscious Care Lab, GIGA Consciousness, GIGA Institute, Li\u00e8ge University, Li\u00e8ge, Belgium, Universit\u00e9 de Li\u00e8ge GIGA Institute, Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"},{"name":"Cognitive Psychology Unit, Social Sciences Faculty, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5870-9168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florian","family":"Beck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Li\u00e8ge University Hospital Sart Tilman Site, Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"},{"name":"Anesthesia and Perioperative Neuroscience Laboratory, GIGA-Consciousness, Universit\u00e9 de Li\u00e8ge GIGA Institute, Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Coraline","family":"Malta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing Department, Li\u00e8ge University Hospital Sart Tilman Site, Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorris","family":"Ardizzone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Li\u00e8ge University Hospital Sart Tilman Site, Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6356-547X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent L","family":"Bonhomme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Li\u00e8ge University Hospital Sart Tilman Site, Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"},{"name":"Anesthesia and Perioperative Neuroscience Laboratory, GIGA-Consciousness, Universit\u00e9 de Li\u00e8ge GIGA Institute, Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Audrey","family":"Vanhaudenhuyse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Conscious Care Lab, GIGA Consciousness, Universit\u00e9 de Li\u00e8ge GIGA 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