{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T05:47:22Z","timestamp":1790920042143,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"BMJ","funder":[{"name":"Songmin Medicare Co., Ltd"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Reg Anesth Pain Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the modified catheter in alleviating catheter-related pain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This randomized controlled trial included 40 patients with similar characteristics scheduled for repeat transurethral resection of bladder tumor. At the end of surgery, a specially designed urethral catheter with multiple micropores enabling direct administration of local analgesic onto the urethral mucosa was inserted. In the treatment group, 0.5% ropivacaine was infused at 1\u2009mL\/hour (5\u2009mg\/hour), whereas the control group received normal saline. Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Morphine Milligram Equivalents (MME), International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and a 5-point Likert scale for willingness to reuse the catheter were assessed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      During the first 6 postoperative hours, mean VAS increased by 1.80\u00b11.06 in the treatment group and by 4.70\u00b10.98 in the control group. The between-group mean difference was \u22122.90 (95% CI \u22123.55 to \u22122.25). From 6 to 24 hours, the change in VAS was \u22120.30\u00b10.57 in the treatment group and \u22120.60\u00b11.05 in the control group, with no meaningful between-group difference (mean difference, 0.30; 95%\u2009CI \u22120.24 to 0.84). At 24 hours, mean VAS was 1.75\u00b11.12 in the treatment group and 4.25\u00b10.97 in the control group. Cumulatively, VAS scores were lower in the treatment group compared with the control group (between-group mean difference \u22122.6, and 95%\u2009CI \u22123.22 to \u22121.97). The cumulative MME was significantly higher in the control group than in the treatment group (p&lt;0.01), and MME was positively correlated with changes in VAS over 24 hours (R\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      for control and treatment groups were 0.33 and 0.31, respectively). Differences were also observed in the change of IPSS and its storage subscore between groups (p&lt;0.01). The 5-Point Likert Scale for willingness to use the catheter was significantly higher in the treatment group than in the control group (p&lt;0.01).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings indicate that the novel catheter provides early pain control, reduces postoperative analgesic needs and lessens storage symptoms after catheter removal, improving patient satisfaction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2025-107084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T16:40:14Z","timestamp":1772037614000},"page":"rapm-2025-107084","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Pilot study of a Foley catheter with micropore-delivered analgesia for reducing catheter-associated pain and discomfort in patients with repeated catheterizations"],"prefix":"10.1136","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0862-3205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong Sup","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, The Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9177-2553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun-Hee","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, The Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1989-208X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Woo Bae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Songmin Medicare Co, Ltd, Seoul, The Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9024-5097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jong Jeong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AP MDS Co., Ltd, Incheon, The Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3157-7691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sung Chul","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TFRIENDS Co., Ltd, Incheon, The Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9930-0588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"U Syn","family":"Ha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, The Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026022508400806000_rapm-2025-107084v1.1","article-title":"Strategies for the removal of short-term indwelling urethral catheters in adults","volume":"6","author":"Ellahi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2026022508400806000_rapm-2025-107084v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060514562489"},{"key":"2026022508400806000_rapm-2025-107084v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.12968\/bjon.2008.17.4.28712","article-title":"Causes and management of indwelling urinary catheter-related pain","volume":"17","author":"Wilson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Nurs"},{"key":"2026022508400806000_rapm-2025-107084v1.4","unstructured":"Chai TC , Birder LA . Physiology and pharmacology of the bladder and urethra. In: Partin AW , Dmochowski RR , Kavoussi LR , et al ., eds. Campbell-walsh-wein urology. Philadelphia, 2021."},{"key":"2026022508400806000_rapm-2025-107084v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.1016","article-title":"Urethral instability: clinical and urodynamic characteristics","volume":"20","author":"McLennan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"key":"2026022508400806000_rapm-2025-107084v1.6","article-title":"Lidocaine-prilocaine cream reduces catheter-related bladder discomfort in male patients during the general anesthesia recovery period","volume":"96","author":"Mu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine (Abingdon)"},{"key":"2026022508400806000_rapm-2025-107084v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000008932","article-title":"Efficacy of pudendal nerve block for alleviation of catheter-related bladder discomfort in male patients undergoing lower urinary tract surgeries: A randomized, controlled, double-blind trial","volume":"96","author":"Xiaoqiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"2026022508400806000_rapm-2025-107084v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000167775.46192.e9"},{"key":"2026022508400806000_rapm-2025-107084v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-025-05506-7","article-title":"Use of disposable painless silicone urethral catheter during urological surgery for male patients: a randomized controlled study","volume":"43","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J Urol"},{"key":"2026022508400806000_rapm-2025-107084v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm14080835","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Urethral Catheter with Continuous Infusion of Ropivacaine after Urologic Surgery: A Pilot Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"2026022508400806000_rapm-2025-107084v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4215","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14124215","article-title":"A Multicenter, Randomized, Single-Blind Trial Evaluating a Multi-Porous Urethral Catheter with Continuous Local Ropivacaine Infusion for the Reduction of Postoperative Catheter-Related Bladder Discomfort","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"JCM"},{"key":"2026022508400806000_rapm-2025-107084v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-018-0695-3","article-title":"Labeling Morphine Milligram Equivalents on Opioid Packaging: a Potential Patient Safety Intervention","volume":"22","author":"Stone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"key":"2026022508400806000_rapm-2025-107084v1.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2024.111575","article-title":"Analgesic efficacy and safety of erector spinae plane block in pediatric patients undergoing elective surgery: A systematic review and Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"98","author":"Park","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"key":"2026022508400806000_rapm-2025-107084v1.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12894-023-01195-9","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of interventions for managing urological postoperative catheter-related bladder discomfort: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Ren","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Urol"},{"key":"2026022508400806000_rapm-2025-107084v1.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.13963","article-title":"A randomised-controlled, prospective study on the effect of dorsal penile nerve block after TURP on catheter-related bladder discomfort and pain","volume":"75","author":"G\u00f6ger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"key":"2026022508400806000_rapm-2025-107084v1.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.4111\/icu.2019.60.1.35","article-title":"Evaluation of pain and catheter-related bladder discomfort relative to balloon volumes of indwelling urinary catheters: A prospective study","volume":"60","author":"Zugail","year":"2019","journal-title":"Investig Clin Urol"},{"key":"2026022508400806000_rapm-2025-107084v1.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2014.02.034","article-title":"Solifenacin is able to improve the irritative symptoms after transurethral resection of bladder tumors","volume":"84","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"2026022508400806000_rapm-2025-107084v1.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2009.06.051"},{"key":"2026022508400806000_rapm-2025-107084v1.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1007\/s00540-014-1911-x","article-title":"The efficacy of pregabalin for prevention of catheter-related bladder discomfort: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind study","volume":"29","author":"Srivastava","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Anesth"},{"key":"2026022508400806000_rapm-2025-107084v1.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-016-0600-7","article-title":"The effect of sevoflurane versus desflurane on postoperative catheter-related bladder discomfort in patients undergoing transurethral excision of a bladder tumour: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"63","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can J Anaesth"},{"key":"2026022508400806000_rapm-2025-107084v1.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1080\/17581869.2025.2515001","article-title":"Postoperative pain management after ureteroscopy: focused approaches to reducing opiate dependence","volume":"15","author":"Ballantyne","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pain Manag"},{"key":"2026022508400806000_rapm-2025-107084v1.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2016.04.064","article-title":"Port Site Local Anesthetic Infiltration Vs Single-dose Intrathecal Opioid Injection to Control Perioperative Pain in Children Undergoing Minimal Invasive Surgery: A Comparative Analysis","volume":"97","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"2026022508400806000_rapm-2025-107084v1.23","unstructured":"Ropivacaine dosage. Available: https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/dosage\/ropivacaine.html [Accessed 5 Dec 2025]."},{"key":"2026022508400806000_rapm-2025-107084v1.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.1996.22164008.x"}],"container-title":["Regional Anesthesia &amp; Pain Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/rapm-2025-107084","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T16:40:18Z","timestamp":1772037618000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/rapm.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/rapm-2025-107084"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"references-count":24,"alternative-id":["10.1136\/rapm-2025-107084"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/rapm-2025-107084","relation":{},"ISSN":["1098-7339","1532-8651"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1098-7339","type":"print"},{"value":"1532-8651","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]}}}