{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T19:57:31Z","timestamp":1793649451313,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"BMJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759363200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010438","name":"Uniwersytet Medyczny im. Karola Marcinkowskiego w Poznaniu","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010438","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Reg Anesth Pain Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Concerns about opioid-related adverse effects and local anesthetic toxicity often limit effective postoperative pain management in pediatric patients. This study aimed to compare the analgesic efficacy and systemic effects of perineural dexamethasone (DEX) versus dexmedetomidine (DEM) when used as adjuvants to ropivacaine in pediatric popliteal sciatic nerve blocks.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In this triple-blinded, randomized controlled trial, 90 children aged 3 months to 7 years (American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) I\u2013III) undergoing elective foot or ankle surgery at a single academic center were randomized to receive ultrasound-guided popliteal sciatic nerve blocks with 0.2% ropivacaine combined with either DEX (0.1 mg\/kg), DEM (0.1 \u00b5g\/kg), or saline (placebo). The primary outcome was time to first rescue opioid administration. Secondary outcomes included total opioid consumption (\u00b5g\/kg nalbuphine), Face-Legs-Activity-Cry-Consolability (FLACC) pain scores at predefined intervals (4\u201348\u2009hours) and systemic inflammatory markers (neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio). Statistical analysis included Kruskal\u2013Wallis and Fisher\u2019s exact tests with Bonferroni correction.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Mean time to first opioid use was 19.4\u202f\u00b1\u202f2.0\u2009hours for DEX, 18.4\u202f\u00b1\u202f1.7\u2009hours for DEM, and 8.5\u202f\u00b1\u202f1.2\u2009hours for placebo (p\u202f&lt;\u202f0.0001); the difference between DEX and DEM was 1.0\u2009hour (95% CI 0.04 to 2.06; p=0.0400). Nalbuphine was required in 23.3% of DEX, 33.3% of DEM, and 90% of placebo patients. Total opioid consumption was lower in adjuvant groups (DEX, 40.0\u202f\u00b1\u202f77.0\u2009\u00b5g\/kg; DEM, 46.7\u202f\u00b1\u202f73.0\u2009\u00b5g\/kg) compared with placebo (123.3\u202f\u00b1\u202f62.6\u2009\u00b5g\/kg). FLACC scores were significantly reduced at 6, 8, and 12 hours in both adjuvant groups. NLR at 48 hours was significantly lower in the dexamethasone group (p=0.0136). No nerve injuries or hemodynamic complications occurred.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Both adjuvants prolonged analgesia and reduced opioid requirements. Although DEX produced slightly longer analgesia than DEM, the clinical significance of this difference may be limited. Larger studies are needed to confirm safety.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"clintrialgov\" xlink:href=\"NCT06233565\">NCT06233565<\/jats:ext-link>.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2025-107096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T06:20:29Z","timestamp":1759472429000},"page":"rapm-2025-107096","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effect of perineural dexamethasone versus dexmedetomidine as adjuvants to ropivacaine on analgesic duration in pediatric popliteal sciatic nerve blocks: a randomized, triple-blinded, placebo-controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1136","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct06233565","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct06233565","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4565-9880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Reysner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Palliative Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawel","family":"Pietraszek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8751-0243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milud","family":"Shadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spine Disorders and Pediatric Orthopaedics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bartosz","family":"Musielak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Kowalski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Palliative Medivine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Przemys\u0142aw","family":"Daroszewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organization and Management in Health Care, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9067-0969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malgorzata","family":"Reysner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Palliative Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Ponzna, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025100223202149000_rapm-2025-107096v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.5114\/ait.2022.118972","article-title":"Guidelines for treatment of acute pain in children - 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