{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T09:54:11Z","timestamp":1791194051743,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Reg Anesth Pain Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective studies report conflicting associations between caudal block and urethrocutaneous fistula (UCF) formation after hypospadias repair, often without control for hypospadias severity. Our multicenter randomized, non-inferiority trial compared UCF incidence following caudal versus penile block for single-stage hypospadias surgery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Children \u22642 years undergoing primary single-stage midshaft or distal hypospadias repair at 16 Pediatric Regional Anesthesia Network centers were randomized to caudal (group C) or penile block (group P) with general anesthesia. The primary outcome was UCF formation within 3 postoperative months. Secondary outcomes included perioperative opioid administration, and postoperative pain scores (Face, Legs, Activity, Cry and Consolability (FLACC)).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 210 subjects, 161 (76.6%) completed 3-month follow-up (group C: N=79; group P: N=82). UCF occurred in 7\/79 (8.9%) group C and 6\/82 (7.3%) group P patients (RR=0.98; 95%\u2009CI (0.35 to 2.76); p=0.9). Proximal meatal position was associated with increased UCF risk (RR=2.8; 95%\u2009CI (1.48 to 5.30); p=0.002). Group C received less intraoperative (33% vs 56%, p&lt;0.001) and rescue opioids (4.9% vs 15.7%; p=0.01) and had lower mean postanesthesia care unit (PACU) FLACC scores (0.49\u00b11.34 vs 1.14\u00b12.3; p=0.03).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this early terminated randomized trial, no statistically significant difference in UCF formation was observed between caudal and penile blocks. Caudal block was associated with reduced perioperative opioids and lower pain scores. However, incomplete enrollment, loss to follow-up and wide CIs limit precision, and clinically important differences between the techniques cannot be excluded. The findings should be considered exploratory and may inform future trials and evidence generation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"clintrialgov\" xlink:href=\"NCT02861950\">NCT02861950<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2026-108027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T17:25:38Z","timestamp":1789147538000},"page":"1112-1117","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Caudal versus penile block and urethrocutaneous fistula formation following hypospadias repair in children &lt;2 years: a multicenter randomized clinical trial"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"51","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct02861950","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct02861950","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5270-4913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Taenzer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3017-8040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tessa N","family":"Mandler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3129-0033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexia","family":"Gagliardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5420-5795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Megan A","family":"Brockel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3863-0662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vijaya","family":"Vemulakonda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Urology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, 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