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For each diaphragm-sparing strategy, we also identify remaining knowledge gaps and areas requiring further investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2026-108033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T12:35:28Z","timestamp":1784896528000},"page":"rapm-2026-108033","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Diaphragm-sparing nerve blocks for shoulder surgery: essentials of our current understanding"],"prefix":"10.1136","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5345-1804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"De Q","family":"Tran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesia, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2324-7724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samita","family":"Pirotesak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesia, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"},{"name":"Anesthesiology, Mahidol University Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0611-3623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Bravo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6355-1270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juli\u00e1n","family":"Aliste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesia, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"},{"name":"Department 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