{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T13:04:36Z","timestamp":1784898276179,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"BMJ","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Reg Anesth Pain Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Percutaneous peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) has emerged as a minimally invasive neuromodulation therapy for treating chronic pain, and additional real-world data continue to inform its effectiveness and safety in routine practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 125 patients who underwent temporary 60-day percutaneous PNS at Massachusetts General Hospital and Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital between April 2021 and September 2025. The primary outcome was treatment response, defined as \u226530% reduction from day-of-procedure to median postprocedural Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) pain score, corresponding to clinically meaningful improvement per established consensus for chronic pain. Sensitivity analyses examined responder rates under alternative thresholds (\u226550%) and postprocedure pain anchors (maximum NRS), including the combination of these. Secondary outcomes included change in opioid utilization (morphine milligram equivalents (MME)) and incidence of adverse events. Longitudinal pain trajectories were examined using linear mixed-effects models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 125 patients, 102 had complete procedure-day and follow-up pain score data. Among these, 24 (24%) met the primary responder threshold of \u226530% reduction from day-of-procedure to median postprocedural NRS score. Sensitivity analyses yielded responder rates of 14 (14%) at the \u226550% threshold using median postprocedural NRS, 13 (13%) at the \u226530% threshold using maximum postprocedural NRS, and eight (8%) at the \u226550% threshold using maximum postprocedural NRS. For all patients, early PNS device removal occurred in 24 patients (19%): 11 (9%) due to lack of efficacy or worsening pain or new paresthesia and 13 (10%) for other reasons, including lead migration or dislodgement, lead fracture, removal to facilitate MRI, infection, and skin irritation; early removal was more frequent among non-responders than responders (22% vs 13%). Most patients were opioid-na\u00efve at baseline; among the 35 patients (28%) with baseline opioid use, seven patients had a documentable change in MME at 1 year, five with an increase, and two with a decrease. For all patients, more than half (54%) carried at least one comorbid mental health diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with percutaneous 60-day PNS showed \u226530% pain reduction in 24% of patients using the primary outcome (median postprocedural NRS), with responder rates spanning 8%\u201314% across sensitivity analyses depending on the postprocedural pain anchor and threshold applied. Response rates fell short of those reported in indication-specific trials across all outcome definitions. Lead migration, dislodgement, or fracture were concentrated among non-responders and may represent a modifiable contributor to suboptimal outcomes. The high prevalence of mental health comorbidity in this population warrants prospective evaluation as a predictor of treatment response.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2026-108123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T12:35:13Z","timestamp":1784896513000},"page":"rapm-2026-108123","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Longitudinal outcomes following temporary 60-day percutaneous peripheral nerve stimulation for chronic pain: a retrospective analysis"],"prefix":"10.1136","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6492-7812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael C","family":"Chiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew R","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0520-9516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jay","family":"Karri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopedic Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Hunt Valley, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0221-9255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026072405350499000_rapm-2026-108123v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000002181"},{"key":"2026072405350499000_rapm-2026-108123v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Souza RS , Her YF , Morsi M , et al . Implantable peripheral nerve stimulation for chronic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of analgesic outcomes up to 24 months. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2025;rapm-2025-107160. doi:10.1136\/rapm-2025-107160","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2025-107160"},{"key":"2026072405350499000_rapm-2026-108123v1.3","first-page":"E481","article-title":"Effectiveness of Peripheral Nerve Stimulation in Managing Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"28","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2026072405350499000_rapm-2026-108123v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S539","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0000000000004400","article-title":"Using Peripheral Nerve Stimulation to Treat Neuropathies of the Upper Extremity: A Systematic Review","volume":"94","author":"Choi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"key":"2026072405350499000_rapm-2026-108123v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnaf147","article-title":"Comparison of percutaneous 60-day peripheral nerve stimulation of the lumbar medial branches to 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Placebo-Controlled Trial of 60-Day Percutaneous Peripheral Nerve Stimulation Treatment Indicates Relief of Persistent Postoperative Pain, and Improved Function After Knee Replacement","volume":"27","author":"Goree","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"2026072405350499000_rapm-2026-108123v1.9","article-title":"Durable patient-reported outcomes following 60-day percutaneous peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) of the medial branch nerves","volume":"2","author":"Gilmore","year":"2023","journal-title":"Interv Pain Med"},{"key":"2026072405350499000_rapm-2026-108123v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2019-100937"},{"key":"2026072405350499000_rapm-2026-108123v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2007.09.005"},{"key":"2026072405350499000_rapm-2026-108123v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1080\/17581869.2025.2451605","article-title":"Real-world long-term outcomes of peripheral nerve stimulation: a prospective observational study","volume":"15","author":"Luna","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pain Manag"},{"key":"2026072405350499000_rapm-2026-108123v1.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-023-00557-3","article-title":"Temporary Peripheral Nerve Stimulation as Treatment for Chronic Pain","volume":"12","author":"Abd-Elsayed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pain Ther"},{"key":"2026072405350499000_rapm-2026-108123v1.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2023.26.273","article-title":"A Retrospective Review of Real-world Outcomes Following 60-day Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for the Treatment of Chronic Pain","volume":"26","author":"Huntoon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2026072405350499000_rapm-2026-108123v1.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-025-00746-2","article-title":"Durable Shoulder Pain Relief and Avoidance of Surgery Up To 5 Years Following 60-Day PNS Treatment","volume":"14","author":"Vorenkamp","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pain Ther"},{"key":"2026072405350499000_rapm-2026-108123v1.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S349101","article-title":"60-Day PNS Treatment May Improve Identification of Delayed Responders and Delayed Non-Responders to Neurostimulation for Pain Relief","volume":"15","author":"Naidu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"2026072405350499000_rapm-2026-108123v1.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.02.002","article-title":"Adverse Events Associated With Peripheral Nerve Stimulation: An Analysis of the MAUDE Data base and Implications for Pain and Spine Clinicians","volume":"28","author":"Cooper","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"2026072405350499000_rapm-2026-108123v1.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.01.018","article-title":"Incidence of Temporary Peripheral Nerve Stimulator Lead Tip Retention: A Retrospective Review of 80 Lead Placements","volume":"26","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"2026072405350499000_rapm-2026-108123v1.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2929","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S468078","article-title":"Retrospective Evaluation of Bipolar Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for Nociceptive and Neuropathic Pain: A Pilot Study","volume":"17","author":"Aman","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"2026072405350499000_rapm-2026-108123v1.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2024-105704"},{"key":"2026072405350499000_rapm-2026-108123v1.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnaf151","article-title":"A prospective multidimensional assessment of the impact of payer type, insurance delays, psychological and clinical domains on response to 60-day peripheral nerve stimulation: 6-month 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Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/rapm-2026-108123","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T12:35:16Z","timestamp":1784896516000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/rapm.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/rapm-2026-108123"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"references-count":22,"alternative-id":["10.1136\/rapm-2026-108123"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/rapm-2026-108123","relation":{},"ISSN":["1098-7339","1532-8651"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1098-7339","type":"print"},{"value":"1532-8651","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]}}}