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Patients with PsA typically have seronegative test findings for rheumatoid factor (RF) and cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) antibodies, while approximately 80% of patients with RA have positive findings for RF and CCP antibodies. Although there is overlap in the pathogenesis of PsA and RA, differences are also present that affect the efficacy of treatment. In PsA, levels of interleukin (IL)-1\u03b2, IL-6, IL-17, IL-22, IL-23, interferon-\u03b3 and tumour necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1) are elevated, and in RA, levels of IL-1, IL-6, IL-22, IL-33, TNF-\u03b1, chemokine ligand 11\u00a0and\u00a0chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 13 are elevated. 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