{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T06:39:22Z","timestamp":1790231962024,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["RMD Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The development of standardised methods for ultrasound (US) scanning and evaluation of synovitis activity by the OMERACT-EULAR Synovitis Scoring (OESS) system is a major step forward in the use of US in the diagnosis and monitoring of patients with inflammatory arthritis. The variation in interpretation of disease activity on US images can affect diagnosis, treatment and outcomes in clinical trials. We, therefore, set out to investigate if we could utilise neural network architecture for the interpretation of disease activity on Doppler US images, using the OESS scoring system.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Two state-of-the-art neural networks were used to extract information from 1342 Doppler US images from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). One neural network divided images as either healthy (Doppler OESS score 0 or 1) or diseased (Doppler OESS score 2 or 3). The other to score images across all four of the OESS systems Doppler US scores (0\u20133). The neural networks were hereafter tested on a new set of RA Doppler US images (n=176). Agreement between rheumatologist\u2019s scores and network scores was measured with the kappa statistic.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>For the neural network assessing healthy\/diseased score, the highest accuracies compared with an expert rheumatologist were 86.4% and 86.9% with a sensitivity of 0.864 and 0.875 and specificity of 0.864 and 0.864, respectively. The other neural network developed to four class Doppler OESS scoring achieved an average per class accuracy of 75.0% and a quadratically weighted kappa score of 0.84.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study is the first to show that neural network technology can be used in the scoring of disease activity on Doppler US images according to the OESS system.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2018-000891","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,30]],"date-time":"2019-03-30T11:15:22Z","timestamp":1553944522000},"page":"e000891","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["Neural networks for automatic scoring of arthritis disease activity on ultrasound images"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"5","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct02652299","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"given":"Jakob Kristian Holm","family":"Andersen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Maersk Mc-Kinney Moller Institute, Syddansk Universitet, Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jannik Skyttegaard","family":"Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Maersk Mc-Kinney Moller Institute, Syddansk Universitet, Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin Sundahl","family":"Laursen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Maersk Mc-Kinney Moller Institute, Syddansk Universitet, Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathrine","family":"Holtz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Maersk Mc-Kinney Moller Institute, Syddansk Universitet, Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakob","family":"Grauslund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Ophthalmology, Department of Opthalmology, Odense Universitetshospital, Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thiusius Rajeeth","family":"Savarimuthu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Maersk Mc-Kinney Moller Institute, Syddansk Universitet, Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3946-5919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00f8ren Andreas","family":"Just","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Odense Universitetshospital, Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025090313261900000_5.1.e000891.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31472-1"},{"key":"2025090313261900000_5.1.e000891.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2016-000427","article-title":"Scoring ultrasound synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis: a EULAR-OMERACT ultrasound taskforce-Part 2: reliability and application to multiple joints of a standardised consensus-based scoring system","volume":"3","author":"Terslev","year":"2017","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"2025090313261900000_5.1.e000891.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2017-212830","article-title":"Clinical and ultrasound remission after 6 months of treat-to-target therapy in early rheumatoid arthritis: associations to future good radiographic and physical outcomes","volume":"77","author":"Paulshus Sundlis\u00e6ter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"2025090313261900000_5.1.e000891.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2004.030387"},{"key":"2025090313261900000_5.1.e000891.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2016-000428","article-title":"Scoring ultrasound synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis: a EULAR-OMERACT ultrasound taskforce-Part 1: definition and development of a standardised, consensus-based scoring system","volume":"3","author":"D'Agostino","year":"2017","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"2025090313261900000_5.1.e000891.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hammer HB , Kvien TK , Terslev L . Ultrasound of the Hand is sufficient to detect subclinical inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis remission: a post hoc longitudinal study. Arthritis Res Ther 2017;19.doi:10.1186\/s13075-017-1428-4","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-017-1428-4"},{"key":"2025090313261900000_5.1.e000891.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Terslev L , Naredo E , Aegerter P , et al . Scoring ultrasound synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis: a EULAR-OMERACT ultrasound taskforce-Part 2: reliability and application to multiple joints of a standardised consensus-based scoring system. 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