{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T23:52:04Z","timestamp":1786233124830,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,3]],"date-time":"2020-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578009600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007857","name":"Stiftelsen Konung Gustaf V:s 80-\u00e5rsfond","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007857","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003514","name":"Kommunfullm\u00e4ktige, Stockholms Stad","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003514","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004047","name":"Karolinska Institutet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004047","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007949","name":"Reumatikerf\u00f6rbundet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007949","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009945","name":"Merck KGaA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009945","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["RMD Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Standard assessment of interferon (IFN) system activity in systemic rheumatic diseases depends on the availability of RNA samples. In this study, we describe and evaluate alternative methods using plasma, serum and DNA samples, exemplified in the IFN-driven disease primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome (pSS).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Patients with pSS seropositive or negative for anti-SSA\/SSB and controls were included. Protein-based IFN (pIFN) scores were calculated from levels of PD-1, CXCL9 and CXCL10. DNA methylation-based (DNAm) IFN scores were calculated from DNAm levels at <jats:italic>RSAD2<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>IFIT1<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>IFI44L<\/jats:italic>\n                     <jats:italic>.<\/jats:italic> Scores were compared with mRNA-based IFN scores measured by quantitative PCR (qPCR), Nanostring or RNA sequencing (RNAseq).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>mRNA-based IFN scores displayed strong correlations between B cells and monocytes (r=0.93\u2009and 0.95, p&lt;0.0001) and between qPCR and Nanostring measurements (r=0.92\u2009and 0.92, p&lt;0.0001). The pIFN score in plasma and serum was higher in patients compared with controls (p&lt;0.0001) and correlated well with mRNA-based IFN scores (r=0.62\u20130.79, p&lt;0.0001), as well as with each other (r=0.94, p&lt;0.0001). Concordance of classification as \u2018high\u2019 or \u2018low\u2019 IFN signature between the pIFN score and mRNA-based IFN scores ranged from 79.5% to 88.6%, and the pIFN score was effective at classifying patients and controls (area under the curve, AUC=0.89\u20130.93, p&lt;0.0001). The DNAm IFN score showed strong correlation to the RNAseq IFN score (r=0.84, p&lt;0.0001) and performed well in classifying patients and controls (AUC=0.96, p&lt;0.0001).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We describe novel methods of assessing IFN system activity in plasma, serum or DNA samples, which may prove particularly valuable in studies where RNA samples are not available.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2019-000995","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,8]],"date-time":"2020-01-08T05:55:12Z","timestamp":1578462912000},"page":"e000995","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Protein and DNA methylation-based scores as surrogate markers for interferon system activation in patients with primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Albin","family":"Bj\u00f6rk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elina","family":"Richardsdotter Andersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana","family":"Imgenberg-Kreuz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, Rheumatology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gudny Ella","family":"Thorlacius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Mofors","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann-Christine","family":"Syv\u00e4nen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marika","family":"Kvarnstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3829-7431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gunnel","family":"Nordmark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, Rheumatology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0915-7245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie","family":"Wahren-Herlenius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025090312322893000_6.1.e000995.1","first-page":"5459","article-title":"Type I interferon in the pathogenesis of lupus","volume":"192","author":"Crow","year":"2014","journal-title":"J.i."},{"key":"2025090312322893000_6.1.e000995.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bodewes ILA , Bj\u00f6rk A , Versnel MA , et al . 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