{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T15:12:23Z","timestamp":1779289943540,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,20]],"date-time":"2020-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603152000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Corrona Research Foundation, a not for profit 501(C)(3) US foundation.","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["RMD Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"s1\">\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To determine the effect of hydroxychloroquine on the incidence of new respiratory infections in a large registry of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients compared with a matched cohort receiving other conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (csDMARDs).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"s2\">\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We reviewed physician-reported infections including upper respiratory infections (URI), bronchitis and pneumonia in the Corrona RA registry from June 2008 to February 2020 with the goal of comparing infections in biologic\/targeted synthetic (b\/ts) DMARDs naive HCQ starts compared with starts of other csDMARDs and no HCQ. Patients on different interventions were compared using time-varying adjusted Cox models adjusting for age, sex, duration of RA, BMI, disease activity, smoking status, concurrent medications, season of the year, year of onset and history of serious infections, diabetes or cardiovascular disease (CVD). A secondary analysis in a set of propensity-matched starts were also compared adjusting for time-varying covariates. The analysis was repeated including URI and bronchitis only and also for serious respiratory infections only.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"s3\">\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>No evidence of differences was found in the incidence of any respiratory infection (URI, bronchitis, pneumonia) in patients receiving HCQ compared with other csDMARDs: HR=0.87 (0.70 to1.07) in adjusted analyses and HR=0.90 (0.70 to 1.17) in adjusted matched analysis. Similar results were found in the analysis of URI and bronchitis only and for serious respiratory infections only.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"s4\">\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In patients with RA, the risk for respiratory infections was similar among patients using HCQ as compared to other non-biologic DMARDs.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2020-001389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,7]],"date-time":"2020-11-07T10:55:14Z","timestamp":1604746514000},"page":"e001389","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Hydroxychloroquine and the risk of respiratory infections among RA patients"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6674-9901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joel M","family":"Kremer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine Rheumatology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Reed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopedics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Corrona, LLC, Waktham, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios A","family":"Pappas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York City, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"LR","family":"Harold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Kane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Greenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York University Medical Center, New York City, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Winthrop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oregon Health & Science University School of Medicine, Portland, Oregon, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025090313514431000_6.3.e001389.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gautret P , Lagier JC , Parola P , et al. Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020;105949. doi: 10.1101\/2020.03.16.20037135","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.16.20037135"},{"key":"2025090313514431000_6.3.e001389.2","unstructured":"Jm Dc M , Goff JL , Mela-Lima B , et al. No evidence of rapid antiviral clearance or clinical benefit with the combination of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin in patients with severe COVID-19 infection. M\u00e9decine Et Maladies Infectieuses 2020;2020.doi: 10.1016\/j.medmal,2020,03,006"},{"key":"2025090313514431000_6.3.e001389.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-020-0156-0"},{"key":"2025090313514431000_6.3.e001389.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa237","article-title":"In vitro antiviral activity and projection of optimized dosing design of hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","volume":"71","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025090313514431000_6.3.e001389.5","unstructured":"ZHj C , Zhang Z , JIang S , et al. Efficacy of hydroxychloroquine in patients with COVID-19: results of a randomized clinical trial medRxiv2020 (non-peer reviewed). Available https:\/\/www.medrxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/2020.03.22.20040758v2.full.pdf"},{"key":"2025090313514431000_6.3.e001389.6","unstructured":"CHEN Jun LD , LIU L , Ping LIU , et al. A pilot study of hydroxychloroquine in treatment of patients with common coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). J Zhejiang Univ (Med Sci) 2020;49. doi: 10.3785\/j.issn.1008-9292.2020.03.03"},{"key":"2025090313514431000_6.3.e001389.7","unstructured":"Novartis commits to donate up to 130 million doses of hydroxychloroquine to support the global COVID-19 pandemic response sandoz.com2020. Available https:\/\/www.sandoz.com\/news\/media-releases\/novartis-commits-donate-130-million-doses-hydroxychloroquine-support-global"},{"key":"2025090313514431000_6.3.e001389.8","unstructured":"Rogers WH . Regression standard errors in clustered samples . Stata Press: Stata Technical Bulletin Stata Press, 1993: 19\u201323."},{"key":"2025090313514431000_6.3.e001389.9","first-page":"S96","article-title":"The Corrona US Registry of Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases","volume":"34","author":"Kremer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025090313514431000_6.3.e001389.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.159.2.167"},{"key":"2025090313514431000_6.3.e001389.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv018"},{"key":"2025090313514431000_6.3.e001389.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Devaux CA , Rolain JM , Colson P , et al. New insights on the antiviral effects of chloroquine against coronavirus: what to expect for COVID-19? Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020;105938. doi: 10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105938"},{"key":"2025090313514431000_6.3.e001389.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00806-5"},{"key":"2025090313514431000_6.3.e001389.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0049-0172(10)80012-5"},{"key":"2025090313514431000_6.3.e001389.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2620","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI137244","article-title":"Clinical and immunologic features in severe and moderate coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"130","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2025090313514431000_6.3.e001389.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70065-2"},{"key":"2025090313514431000_6.3.e001389.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104762"}],"container-title":["RMD Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/rmdopen-2020-001389","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T20:51:56Z","timestamp":1756932716000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/rmdopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/rmdopen-2020-001389"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/rmdopen-2020-001389"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/rmdopen-2020-001389","relation":{},"ISSN":["2056-5933"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2056-5933","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}}}