{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T20:28:15Z","timestamp":1773865695418,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]],"date-time":"2021-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622764800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["RMD Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The novel technique of fluorescence optical imaging (FOI, Xiralite), which is approved in the European Union and the USA for clinical use, has been the object of studies since 2009. Indocyanine green-based FOI can demonstrate an impaired microcirculation caused by inflammation in both hands in one examination. Several studies have investigated FOI for detection of joint inflammation by comparing FOI to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and\/or musculoskeletal ultrasound (MSUS). The results have shown a generally good agreement (&gt;80%) between FOI and clinical examination, MRI and MSUS by power Doppler in inflammatory joint diseases. Moreover, characteristic enhancements in skin and nails are seen in PsA, which potentially can be useful in the diagnostic process of early undifferentiated arthritis. Furthermore, FOI has been investigated for the visualisation of a disturbed microcirculation in the hands and fingers of patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc), highlighting the potential of monitoring vascular changes in SSc and other vasculopathies. The available data indicate that it is time to consider FOI as a useful part of the imaging repertoire in rheumatology clinical practice, particularly where MSUS and MRI are not easily available.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2020-001497","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]],"date-time":"2021-06-04T11:38:08Z","timestamp":1622806688000},"page":"e001497","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Fluorescence optical imaging: ready for prime time?"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5943-4688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Ohrndorf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Humboldt \u2013 Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne-Marie","family":"Glimm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Humboldt \u2013 Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4878-0432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mads","family":"Ammitzb\u00f8ll-Danielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mikkel","family":"Ostergaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7518-1131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerd R","family":"Burmester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Humboldt \u2013 Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025090312373094000_7.2.e001497.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI104072"},{"key":"2025090312373094000_7.2.e001497.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocarto.2019.100017","article-title":"Evaluation of three scoring methods for fluorescence optical imaging in erosive hand osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"1","author":"Maugesten","year":"2020","journal-title":"Osteoarthr Cartil Open"},{"key":"2025090312373094000_7.2.e001497.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2010-148288"},{"key":"2025090312373094000_7.2.e001497.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38175"},{"key":"2025090312373094000_7.2.e001497.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.141244"},{"key":"2025090312373094000_7.2.e001497.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2015-207345"},{"key":"2025090312373094000_7.2.e001497.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-020-02185-0","article-title":"Validity and diagnostic performance of fluorescence optical imaging measuring synovitis in hand osteoarthritis: baseline results from the Nor-Hand cohort","volume":"22","author":"Maugesten","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"2025090312373094000_7.2.e001497.8","article-title":"Associations between fluorescence optical imaging and magnetic resonance imaging and symptoms in hand osteoarthritis","author":"Maugesten","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"2025090312373094000_7.2.e001497.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1111\/ddg.13931","article-title":"Fluorescence optical imaging for the detection of potential psoriatic arthritis in comparison to musculoskeletal ultrasound","volume":"17","author":"Erdmann-Keding","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Dtsch Dermatol Ges"},{"key":"2025090312373094000_7.2.e001497.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-019-1989-5","article-title":"Fluorescence optical imaging for treatment monitoring in patients with early and active rheumatoid arthritis in a 1-year follow-up period","volume":"21","author":"Glimm","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"2025090312373094000_7.2.e001497.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-017-1440-8","article-title":"Fluorescence optical imaging in pediatric patients with inflammatory and non-inflammatory joint diseases: a comparative study with ultrasonography","volume":"19","author":"Beck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"2025090312373094000_7.2.e001497.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1080\/13497413.2018.1481578","article-title":"Comparison of fluorescence optical imaging, ultrasonography and clinical examination with magnetic resonance imaging as a reference in active rheumatoid arthritis patients","volume":"41","author":"Hirano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunol Med"},{"key":"2025090312373094000_7.2.e001497.13","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fluorescence optical imaging in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: a comparison with ultrasound and an association with biomarkers","volume":"21","author":"Kawashiri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scand J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025090312373094000_7.2.e001497.14","article-title":"A Novel Fluorescence Optical Imaging Scoring System for Hand Synovitis in Rheumatoid Arthritis - validity and agreement with ultrasound","author":"Ammitzb\u00f8ll-Danielsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"2025090312373094000_7.2.e001497.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2005.07.010"},{"key":"2025090312373094000_7.2.e001497.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27542"},{"key":"2025090312373094000_7.2.e001497.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"036011","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.19.3.036011","article-title":"In vivo therapy monitoring of experimental rheumatoid arthritis in rats using near-infrared fluorescence imaging","volume":"19","author":"Vollmer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Biomed Opt"},{"key":"2025090312373094000_7.2.e001497.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2009.09.016"},{"key":"2025090312373094000_7.2.e001497.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34467"},{"key":"2025090312373094000_7.2.e001497.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4304"},{"key":"2025090312373094000_7.2.e001497.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2015-000106"},{"key":"2025090312373094000_7.2.e001497.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2017.02.016","article-title":"Fluorescence optical imaging and 3T-MRI for detection of synovitis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in comparison to a composite standard of reference","volume":"90","author":"Thuermel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"2025090312373094000_7.2.e001497.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-020-02277-x","article-title":"Detection of subclinical skin manifestation in patients with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis by fluorescence optical imaging","volume":"22","author":"Schmidt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"2025090312373094000_7.2.e001497.24","first-page":"138","article-title":"The \"green nail\" phenomenon in ICG-enhanced fluorescence optical imaging - a potential tool for the differential diagnosis of psoriatic arthritis","volume":"17","author":"Wiemann","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Dtsch Dermatol Ges"},{"key":"2025090312373094000_7.2.e001497.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-017-1355-4","article-title":"Fluorescence optical imaging and musculoskeletal ultrasonography in juvenile idiopathic polyarticular disease before and during antirheumatic treatment\u00a0- a multicenter non-interventional diagnostic evaluation","volume":"19","author":"Klein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"2025090312373094000_7.2.e001497.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.13130039"},{"key":"2025090312373094000_7.2.e001497.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/658710","article-title":"The application of fluorescence optical imaging in systemic sclerosis","volume":"2015","author":"Pfeil","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"2025090312373094000_7.2.e001497.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-017-1300-6","article-title":"Disturbed microcirculation in the hands of patients with systemic sclerosis detected by fluorescence optical imaging: a pilot study","volume":"19","author":"Friedrich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"2025090312373094000_7.2.e001497.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-019-1875-1","article-title":"Association between baseline clinical and imaging findings and the development of digital ulcers in patients with systemic sclerosis","volume":"21","author":"Friedrich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"2025090312373094000_7.2.e001497.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-020-02235-7","article-title":"The first composite score predicting digital ulcers in systemic sclerosis patients using clinical data, imaging and patient history-CIP-DUS","volume":"22","author":"Friedrich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"}],"container-title":["RMD Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/rmdopen-2020-001497","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T19:37:41Z","timestamp":1756928261000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/rmdopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/rmdopen-2020-001497"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/rmdopen-2020-001497"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/rmdopen-2020-001497","relation":{},"ISSN":["2056-5933"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2056-5933","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}}}