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Articles published from January 2000 - March 2020 were included if they evaluated the prevalence\/incidence of musculoskeletal disease in cohorts of IBD patients. Most of the 69 included studies were clinic based (54\/69, 78%), single center (47\/69, 68%) and cross-sectional (60\/69, 87%). The median prevalence of axial and peripheral SpA in IBD was 5% (range 1 - 46%) and 16% (range 1 - 43%), respectively. In 38 studies that evaluated axial disease in prospectively enrolled patients, inflammatory back pain was analyzed in 53%. SpA classification criteria were used in 68% and imaging was performed in 76%. In 35 studies that evaluated peripheral disease in prospectively enrolled patients, SpA classification criteria were used in 46%. A physical exam was performed in 74%, and it was performed by a rheumatologist in 54% of studies with a physical exam. Sub-phenotypes of peripheral SpA (mono- or oligo-arthritis, polyarthritis, enthesitis, dactylitis) were variably reported. Seventy-four percent of studies did not mention whether osteoarthritis and fibromyalgia had been assessed or excluded. The spectrum of SpA phenotypes in IBD patients remains incompletely characterized. Future studies should focus on standardizing the variables collected in IBD-SpA cohorts and defining musculoskeletal phenotypes in IBD-SpA in order to better characterize this disease entity and advance the field for clinical and research purposes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2021-001777","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]],"date-time":"2022-01-19T10:42:27Z","timestamp":1642588947000},"page":"e001777","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Spondyloarthritis in inflammatory bowel disease cohorts: systematic literature review and critical appraisal of study designs"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2284-2829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica","family":"Schwartzman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joerg","family":"Ermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristine A","family":"Kuhn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Schwartzman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital\/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael H","family":"Weisman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025090313351679000_8.1.e001777.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.04.003"},{"key":"2025090313351679000_8.1.e001777.2","first-page":"631","article-title":"The prevalence and incidence of axial and peripheral spondyloarthritis in inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Karreman","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"2025090313351679000_8.1.e001777.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2535"},{"key":"2025090313351679000_8.1.e001777.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2009.108233"},{"key":"2025090313351679000_8.1.e001777.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2010.133645"},{"key":"2025090313351679000_8.1.e001777.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780341003"},{"key":"2025090313351679000_8.1.e001777.7","first-page":"85","article-title":"[Criteria of the classification of spondylarthropathies]","volume":"57","author":"Amor","year":"1990","journal-title":"Rev Rhum Mal Osteoartic"},{"key":"2025090313351679000_8.1.e001777.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1177\/028418518502600205","article-title":"Radiography of the spine and sacro-iliac joints in ankylosing spondylitis and psoriasis","volume":"26","author":"Dale","year":"1985","journal-title":"Acta Radiol Diagn"},{"key":"2025090313351679000_8.1.e001777.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan JSI , Salonen D , et al . 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