{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T05:58:48Z","timestamp":1794031128497,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]],"date-time":"2022-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644883200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["RMD Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Environmental air pollution has been associated with disruption of the immune system at a molecular level. The primary aim of the present study was to describe the association between long-term exposure to air pollution and risk of developing immune-mediated conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a retrospective observational study on a nationwide dataset of women and men. Diagnoses of various immune-mediated diseases (IMIDs) were retrieved. Data on the monitoring of particulate matter (PM)10 and PM2.5 concentrations were retrieved from the Italian Institute of Environmental Protection and Research. Generalised linear models were employed to determine the relationship between autoimmune diseases prevalence and PM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      81\u2009363 subjects were included in the study. We found a positive association between PM10 and the risk of autoimmune diseases (\u03c1+0.007, p 0.014). Every 10\u2009\u00b5g\/m\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      increase in PM10 concentration was associated with an incremental 7% risk of having autoimmune disease. Exposure to PM10 above 30\u2009\u00b5g\/m3 and PM2.5 above 20\u2009\u00b5g\/m\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      was associated with a 12% and 13% higher risk of autoimmune disease, respectively (adjusted OR (aOR) 1.12, 95%\u2009CI 1.05 to 1.20, and aOR 1.13, 95%\u2009CI 1.06 to 1.20). Exposure to PM10 was associated with an increased risk of rheumatoid arthritis; exposure to PM2.5 was associated with an increased risk of rheumatoid arthritis, connective tissue diseases (CTDs) and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Long-term exposure to air pollution was associated with higher risk of developing autoimmune diseases, in particular rheumatoid arthritis, CTDs and IBD. Chronic exposure to levels above the threshold for human protection was associated with a 10% higher risk of developing IMIDs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2021-002055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,15]],"date-time":"2022-03-15T20:00:28Z","timestamp":1647374428000},"page":"e002055","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":141,"title":["Association between long-term exposure to air pollution and immune-mediated diseases: a population-based cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8915-0755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Adami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Pontalti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Cattani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurizio","family":"Rossini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ombretta","family":"Viapiana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4119-3016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Orsolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camilla","family":"Benini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugenia","family":"Bertoldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Fracassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Gatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelo","family":"Fassio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025090313571525000_8.1.e002055.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwv292"},{"key":"2025090313571525000_8.1.e002055.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-204627"},{"key":"2025090313571525000_8.1.e002055.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41214"},{"key":"2025090313571525000_8.1.e002055.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2018.12.010"},{"key":"2025090313571525000_8.1.e002055.5","unstructured":"Ambient (outdoor) air pollution. 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