{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T07:48:31Z","timestamp":1759132111929,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]],"date-time":"2022-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666656000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":24,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["RMD Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Prognosis of lupus nephritis (LN) among patients of African descent living in Europe has been understudied.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In a retrospective study performed in two European university hospitals, we compared the prognosis of LN in patients of African descent or Caucasians. Remission was defined as a urine protein to creatinine (uP\/C) ratio&lt;0.5\u2009g\/g and a serum creatinine value&lt;120% of baseline. Renal relapse was defined as the reappearance of a uP\/C&gt;1\u2009g\/g, leading to a repeat kidney biopsy and\/or immunosuppressive treatment change. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) was defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate\u226460\u2009mL\/min\/1.73 m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>. Adherence was retrospectively assessed through medical files and\/or hydroxychloroquine level measurements.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>52 patients of African descent and 85 Caucasian patients were included in this analysis. Class III and isolated class V LN were more common among patients of African descent. Time to first renal remission did not differ between ethnic subgroups. By contrast, patients of African descent suffered from earlier renal flares, CKD was more common and time to CKD was shorter after a flare. In a multivariate analysis, African ancestry was an independent risk factor for progression to CKD. We observed no significant difference in non-adherence to treatment between the two groups.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>LN patients of African descent have worse renal outcomes, mainly explained by a higher rate of renal flare.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2022-002386","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]],"date-time":"2022-10-31T08:33:57Z","timestamp":1667205237000},"page":"e002386","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Worse long-term renal outcome of lupus nephritis patients of African descent living in Europe"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8844-9715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antoine","family":"Enfrein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de m\u00e9decine interne, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Val\u00e9rie","family":"Pirson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Bruxelles, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V\u00e9ronique","family":"Le Guern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de M\u00e9decine Interne, Centre de Reference Maladies Auto-immunes et Syst\u00e9miques Rares, Hopital Cochin, Paris, \u00cele-de-France, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adexandre","family":"Karras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology, Hopital Europeen Georges Pompidou, Paris, \u00cele-de-France, France"},{"name":"Universite Paris Cit\u00e9, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Farah","family":"Tamirou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Bruxelles, Belgium"},{"name":"Institut de Recherche Exp\u00e9rimentale et Clinique, P\u00f4le de pathologies rhumatismales syst\u00e9miques et inflammatoires, Universit\u00e9 catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathalie","family":"Costedoat-Chalumeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de M\u00e9decine Interne, Centre de Reference Maladies Auto-immunes et Syst\u00e9miques Rares, Hopital Cochin, Paris, \u00cele-de-France, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frederic","family":"Houssiau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Bruxelles, Belgium"},{"name":"Institut de Recherche Exp\u00e9rimentale et Clinique, P\u00f4le de pathologies rhumatismales syst\u00e9miques et inflammatoires, Universit\u00e9 catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Brussels, 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