{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T16:20:40Z","timestamp":1759422040782,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]],"date-time":"2022-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662508800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Dutch Vasculitis Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["RMD Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Giant cell arteritis (GCA) and polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) are overlapping autoinflammatory diseases affecting people over 50 years. The diseases are treated with immunosuppressive drugs such as prednisolone, methotrexate, leflunomide and tocilizumab. In this study, we assessed the immunogenicity and safety of SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations in these diseases (based on humoral and cellular immunity).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Patients (n=45\u2009GCA, n=33\u2009PMR) visited the outpatient clinic twice: pre-vaccination and 4 weeks after the second dose (BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1 vaccine). Patients with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection were excluded. In both pre-vaccination and post-vaccination samples, anti-Spike antibody concentrations were assessed and compared with age-, sex- and vaccine-matched control groups (n=98). In addition, the frequency of SARS-CoV-2 Spike-specific T-cells was assessed by IFN-\u03b3 ELIspot assay, and side effects and disease activity were recorded.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>GCA\/PMR patients did not have reduced antibody concentrations compared with controls. However, linear regression analysis revealed a significant association of methotrexate and &gt;10\u2009mg\/day prednisolone use with lower antibody concentrations in GCA\/PMR patients. Evidence of cellular immunity, as assessed by ELIspot assay, was found in 67% of GCA\/PMR patients. Patients using &gt;10\u2009mg\/day prednisolone had reduced cellular immunity. Importantly, vaccination did not lead to significant side effects or changes in disease activity.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>SARS-CoV-2 vaccination was safe for GCA\/PMR patients and immunogenicity was comparable to other older individuals. However, patients using methotrexate and particularly &gt;10\u2009mg\/day prednisolone did show lower vaccine responses, which corroborates findings in other autoinflammatory patient populations. These patients may therefore be at higher risk of (potentially even severe) breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2022-002479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]],"date-time":"2022-09-07T10:58:55Z","timestamp":1662548335000},"page":"e002479","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Humoral and cellular SARS-CoV-2 vaccine responses in patients with giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7382-8322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yannick","family":"van Sleen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2798-6765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kornelis S M","family":"van der Geest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosanne D","family":"Reitsema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Idil","family":"Esen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janneke H","family":"Terpstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Raveling-Eelsing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marieke","family":"van der Heiden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Lieber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Netherlands Pharmacovigilance Centre Lareb, 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annemarie M","family":"Buisman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Debbie","family":"van Baarle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Sandovici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The 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