{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T04:32:12Z","timestamp":1791433932256,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668988800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Singularity Biomed"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["RMD Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Remote assessment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has increased during recent years. However, telematic consultations preclude the possibility of carrying out a physical examination and obtaining objective inflammation. In this study, we developed and validated two novel composite disease activity indexes (Thermographic Disease Activity Index (ThermoDAI) and ThermoDAI-CRP) based on thermography of hands and machine learning, in order to assess disease activity easily, rapidly and without formal joint counts.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>ThermoDAI was developed as the sum of Thermographic Joint Inflammation Score (ThermoJIS), a novel joint inflammation score based on the analysis of thermal images of the hands by machine learning, the Patient Global Assessment (PGA) and, for ThermoDAI-CRP, the C reactive protein (CRP). Construct validity was tested in 146 patients with RA by using Spearman\u2019s correlation with ultrasound-determined grey-scale synovial hypertrophy (GS) and power Doppler (PD) scores, CDAI, SDAI and DAS28-CRP.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Correlations of ultrasound scores with ThermoDAI (GS=0.52; PD=0.56) and ThermoDAI-CRP (GS=0.58; PD=0.61) were moderate to strong, while the correlations of ultrasound scores with PGA (GS=0.35; PD=0.39) and PGA+CRP (GS=0.44; PD=0.46) were weak to moderate. ThermoDAI and ThermoDAI-CRP also showed strong correlations with Clinical Disease Activity Index (\u03c1&gt;0.83), Simplified Disease Activity Index (\u03c1&gt;0.85) and Disease Activity Score with 28-Joint Counts-CRP (\u03c1&gt;0.81) and high sensitivity for detecting active synovitis using remission criteria.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>ThermoDAI and ThermoDAI-CRP showed stronger correlations with ultrasound-determined synovitis than PGA and PGA + CRP, thus presenting an opportunity to improve remote consultations with patients with RA.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2022-002615","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T11:11:25Z","timestamp":1669029085000},"page":"e002615","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["A Thermographic Disease Activity Index for remote assessment of rheumatoid arthritis"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8454-4854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Morales-Ivorra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitari d'Igualada, Igualada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1614-8064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Narv\u00e1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"G\u00f3mez-Vaquero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Moragues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2358-6767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joan M","family":"Nolla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 A","family":"Narv\u00e1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiodiagnosis Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0833-3574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel Alejandro","family":"Mar\u00edn-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R&D Department, Singularity Biomed, Sant Cugat del Vall\u00e8s, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025090312075906000_8.2.e002615.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(16)30173-8"},{"key":"2025090312075906000_8.2.e002615.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2019-216655"},{"key":"2025090312075906000_8.2.e002615.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780380107"},{"key":"2025090312075906000_8.2.e002615.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keg072"},{"key":"2025090312075906000_8.2.e002615.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2016-000302"},{"key":"2025090312075906000_8.2.e002615.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.23153","article-title":"Telerheumatology: a systematic review","volume":"69","author":"McDougall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res"},{"key":"2025090312075906000_8.2.e002615.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keaa554","article-title":"Telemedicine in rheumatology: a reliable approach beyond the pandemic","volume":"60","author":"Cavagna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rheumatol Oxf Engl"},{"key":"2025090312075906000_8.2.e002615.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.5114\/reum.2017.66686","article-title":"Infrared thermal imaging in connective tissue diseases","volume":"55","author":"Chojnowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reumatologia"},{"key":"2025090312075906000_8.2.e002615.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infrared.2012.03.007","article-title":"Medical applications of infrared thermography: a review","volume":"55","author":"Lahiri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infrared Phys Technol"},{"key":"2025090312075906000_8.2.e002615.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/s20051321","article-title":"Performance assessment of low-cost thermal cameras for medical applications","volume":"20","author":"Villa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"2025090312075906000_8.2.e002615.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2004.035246"},{"key":"2025090312075906000_8.2.e002615.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vascn.2008.01.003"},{"key":"2025090312075906000_8.2.e002615.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0954411915580809"},{"key":"2025090312075906000_8.2.e002615.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963.e17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2020.08.017","article-title":"Thermography in rheumatoid arthritis: a comparison with ultrasonography and clinical joint assessment","volume":"75","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"key":"2025090312075906000_8.2.e002615.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2022-002458","article-title":"Assessment of inflammation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis using thermography and machine learning: a fast and automated technique","volume":"8","author":"Morales-Ivorra","year":"2022","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"2025090312075906000_8.2.e002615.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.60.7.641"},{"key":"2025090312075906000_8.2.e002615.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2016-000428"},{"key":"2025090312075906000_8.2.e002615.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2016-000427"},{"key":"2025090312075906000_8.2.e002615.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2011.149765"}],"container-title":["RMD Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/rmdopen-2022-002615","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T19:08:09Z","timestamp":1756926489000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/rmdopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/rmdopen-2022-002615"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/rmdopen-2022-002615"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/rmdopen-2022-002615","relation":{},"ISSN":["2056-5933"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2056-5933","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}}}