{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T21:58:10Z","timestamp":1786399090399,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]],"date-time":"2022-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670284800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010118","name":"Rosemarie-Germscheid-Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010118","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Germany\u2019s Excellence Strategy","award":["39087428"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["39087428"]}]},{"name":"Germany\u2019s Excellence Strategy","award":["EXC 2155"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXC 2155"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009139","name":"German Center for Infection Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["01.801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01.801"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["RMD Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The clinical spectrum of primary antibody deficiencies (PADs) and especially common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) includes various autoimmune disorders. We studied the prevalence and the features of articular rheumatic disease in a cohort of patient with PADs.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In this retrospective cohort study, complete clinical data of 268 patients with PADs, mainly consisting of patients with CVID, visiting the immunology outpatient clinic of a German tertiary hospital between 2018 and 2021 were collected. Those included case history, physical examination, laboratory as well as radiological findings.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Inflammatory arthritis was diagnosed in 16.4% of studied patients and was significantly more common among patients with PAD-associated enteropathy (OR 13.39, p=0.0001), splenomegaly (OR 6.09, p=0.0001) or atopic diseases (OR 3.31, p=0.021). Given HLA-B27 status, the involvement of the axial skeleton and the presence of features, such as anterior uveitis, inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis and\/or dactylitis, 75% of studied patients fulfilled the Assessment of Spondyloarthritis International Society classification criteria.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>PAD-associated arthritis frequently shares features with spondyloarthritis (SpA) and enteropathic arthritis. The latter may suggest the interconnected pathomechanisms of inflammatory arthritis in SpA and PADs.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2022-002664","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]],"date-time":"2022-12-06T09:38:04Z","timestamp":1670319484000},"page":"e002664","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Primary antibody deficiency-associated arthritis shares features with spondyloarthritis and enteropathic arthritis"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Nina Mee","family":"Pott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faranaz","family":"Atschekzei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carl Christoph","family":"Pott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Ernst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Torsten","family":"Witte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0855-2945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios","family":"Sogkas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025090312495628000_8.2.e002664.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3466"},{"key":"2025090312495628000_8.2.e002664.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-020-00773-y","article-title":"Immunological and clinical phenotyping in primary antibody deficiencies: a growing disease spectrum","volume":"40","author":"Shin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2025090312495628000_8.2.e002664.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2015.07.025","article-title":"International consensus document (icon): common variable immunodeficiency disorders","volume":"4","author":"Bonilla","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"2025090312495628000_8.2.e002664.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2009.07669.x"},{"key":"2025090312495628000_8.2.e002664.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.55563\/clinexprheumatol\/bbuvih","article-title":"Association of common variable immunodeficiency and rare and complex connective tissue and musculoskeletal diseases. A systematic literature review","volume":"40 Suppl 134","author":"Mucke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025090312495628000_8.2.e002664.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.612323","article-title":"Clinical and genetic profile of X-linked agammaglobulinemia: a multicenter experience from India","volume":"11","author":"Rawat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2025090312495628000_8.2.e002664.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-021-08870-5","article-title":"Agammaglobulinemia: from X-linked to autosomal forms of disease","volume":"63","author":"Cardenas-Morales","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"2025090312495628000_8.2.e002664.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2010.25.6.824"},{"key":"2025090312495628000_8.2.e002664.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240522","article-title":"Characterization of adult patients with IgG subclass deficiency and subnormal IgG2","volume":"15","author":"Barton","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025090312495628000_8.2.e002664.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.652487","article-title":"Common variable immunodeficiency and autoimmune diseases: a retrospective study of 95 adult patients in a single tertiary care center","volume":"12","author":"Mormile","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2025090312495628000_8.2.e002664.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/clim.1999.4725"},{"key":"2025090312495628000_8.2.e002664.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.12663","article-title":"Rheumatologic complications in a cohort of 227 patients with common variable immunodeficiency","volume":"87","author":"Azizi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol"},{"key":"2025090312495628000_8.2.e002664.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2019.07.014","article-title":"Autoimmunity in common variable immunodeficiency","volume":"123","author":"Agarwal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"2025090312495628000_8.2.e002664.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-005-1141-6","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis in a patient with common variable immunodeficiency: difficulty in diagnosis and therapy","volume":"25","author":"Swierkot","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025090312495628000_8.2.e002664.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2019.02.004","article-title":"The European Society for Immunodeficiencies (ESID) Registry Working Definitions for the Clinical Diagnosis of Inborn Errors of Immunity","volume":"7","author":"Seidel","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"2025090312495628000_8.2.e002664.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.742530","article-title":"Common variable Immunodeficiency-Associated cancers: the role of clinical phenotypes, immunological and genetic factors","volume":"13","author":"Bruns","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2025090312495628000_8.2.e002664.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2010.133645"},{"key":"2025090312495628000_8.2.e002664.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2569","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27584","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis classification criteria: an American College of Rheumatology\/European League against rheumatism collaborative initiative","volume":"2010","author":"Aletaha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2025090312495628000_8.2.e002664.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21972"},{"key":"2025090312495628000_8.2.e002664.20","first-page":"390","article-title":"International League of associations for rheumatology classification of juvenile idiopathic arthritis: second revision, Edmonton, 2001","volume":"31","author":"Petty","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025090312495628000_8.2.e002664.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e51","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izab269","article-title":"Enteropathic arthritis beyond the criteria","volume":"28","author":"\u0130lgen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"2025090312495628000_8.2.e002664.22","article-title":"Part I: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical considerations of primary and secondary Raynaud's phenomenon","author":"Curtiss","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"2025090312495628000_8.2.e002664.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2018-214819","article-title":"European League against Rheumatism\/American College of rheumatology classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"2019","author":"Aringer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"2025090312495628000_8.2.e002664.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-204424","article-title":"Classification criteria for systemic sclerosis: an American College of rheumatology\/European League against rheumatism collaborative initiative","volume":"2013","author":"van den Hoogen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"2025090312495628000_8.2.e002664.25","first-page":"9","article-title":"American College of Rheumatology\/European League Against Rheumatism classification criteria for primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome: A consensus and data-driven methodology involving three international patient cohorts","volume":"2017","author":"Shiboski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"2025090312495628000_8.2.e002664.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.51.6.790"},{"key":"2025090312495628000_8.2.e002664.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.32.6.493"},{"key":"2025090312495628000_8.2.e002664.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-218280"},{"key":"2025090312495628000_8.2.e002664.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-11-124545"},{"key":"2025090312495628000_8.2.e002664.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-06-091744"},{"key":"2025090312495628000_8.2.e002664.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2001.03756.x"},{"key":"2025090312495628000_8.2.e002664.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-020-0454-9","article-title":"Revisiting the gut-joint axis: links between gut inflammation and spondyloarthritis","volume":"16","author":"Gracey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025090312495628000_8.2.e002664.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/569751"},{"key":"2025090312495628000_8.2.e002664.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-202135"},{"key":"2025090312495628000_8.2.e002664.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-203854"},{"key":"2025090312495628000_8.2.e002664.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medj.2021.04.013","article-title":"Intestinal barrier dysfunction plays an integral role in arthritis pathology and can be targeted to ameliorate disease","volume":"2","author":"Matei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"2025090312495628000_8.2.e002664.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15831-7"},{"key":"2025090312495628000_8.2.e002664.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8111727","article-title":"Gut microbiome and its interaction with immune system in spondyloarthritis","volume":"8","author":"So","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"2025090312495628000_8.2.e002664.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2016-210000"},{"key":"2025090312495628000_8.2.e002664.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-021-00845-0","article-title":"The gut-joint axis in spondyloarthritis: immunological, microbial, and clinical insights","volume":"43","author":"Qaiyum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"2025090312495628000_8.2.e002664.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000140","article-title":"A high prevalence of gastrointestinal manifestations in common variable immunodeficiency","volume":"114","author":"Pikkarainen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2025090312495628000_8.2.e002664.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iac.2018.08.006"},{"key":"2025090312495628000_8.2.e002664.43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.712915","article-title":"Gut microbiome and common variable immunodeficiency: few Certainties and many outstanding questions","volume":"12","author":"Varricchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2025090312495628000_8.2.e002664.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-019-0192-y"},{"key":"2025090312495628000_8.2.e002664.45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.144777","article-title":"Circulating bioactive bacterial DNA is associated with immune activation and complications in common variable immunodeficiency","volume":"6","author":"Ho","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"2025090312495628000_8.2.e002664.46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-00626-z","article-title":"Cellular and molecular mechanisms breaking immune tolerance in inborn errors of immunity","volume":"18","author":"Sogkas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"2025090312495628000_8.2.e002664.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.19.1.80-94.2006"},{"key":"2025090312495628000_8.2.e002664.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2021-002018"},{"key":"2025090312495628000_8.2.e002664.49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40858","article-title":"Investigating asthma, allergic disease, passive smoke exposure, and risk of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"71","author":"Kronzer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025090312495628000_8.2.e002664.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2500\/aap.2015.36.3871"},{"key":"2025090312495628000_8.2.e002664.51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000005172","article-title":"Increase risk of allergic diseases in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a 10-year follow-up population-based study in Taiwan","volume":"95","author":"Chang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"2025090312495628000_8.2.e002664.52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1159\/000355957","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus disease in patients with common variable immunodeficiency: three case reports","volume":"163","author":"Kralickova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int Arch Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"2025090312495628000_8.2.e002664.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199801)41:1<58::AID-ART8>3.0.CO;2-G"},{"key":"2025090312495628000_8.2.e002664.54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9041049","article-title":"Peripheral blood lymphocyte phenotype differentiates secondary antibody deficiency in rheumatic disease from primary antibody deficiency","volume":"9","author":"Jablonka","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"}],"container-title":["RMD Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/rmdopen-2022-002664","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T19:50:07Z","timestamp":1756929007000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/rmdopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/rmdopen-2022-002664"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/rmdopen-2022-002664"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/rmdopen-2022-002664","relation":{},"ISSN":["2056-5933"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2056-5933","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}}}