{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T17:32:33Z","timestamp":1788370353573,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]],"date-time":"2023-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691020800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Italian Ministry of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RC 2023 193 01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC 2023 193 01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"GILS","award":["Bando Giovani Ricercatori 2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Bando Giovani Ricercatori 2018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["RMD Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease with health-related quality of life (HRQoL) high impairment. Pain is of paramount importance to be targeted by therapeutical approaches. Our study aim was to perform an add-on device-based non-invasive neuromodulatory treatment through transcutaneous auricular vagal nerve stimulation (tVNS) in patients with SSc, assessing its effects on pain as primary endpoint and on inflammation, cardiovascular autonomic control and HRQoL.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty-two patients with SSc were enrolled based on reported pain assessed through Numeric Rating Scale (NRS). Twenty-one (90% with limited cutaneous SSc) completed a randomised, cross-over, patient-blind trial, in which interventional and active control were used in random order for 4\u2009weeks, interspersed with 4\u2009weeks washout. NRS, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System-29 (PROMIS-29) Item4 for pain interference, heart rate variability (HRV), serum cytokines and HRQoL questionnaires (Health Assessment Questionnaire, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, University of California, Los Angeles Gastrointestinal Tract, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index) were assessed at baseline, at T1 (after 1\u2009month of tVNS or active control), at T2 (after washout) and at T3 (after 1\u2009month of active control or tVNS). T-test for paired data and Wilcoxon signed-rank test for non-normally distributed parameters were performed to compare the effect of tVNS and active control.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>NRS pain was significantly reduced by tVNS and not by active control (Mean\u00b1SD: \u221227.7%\u00b121.3%\u2009vs \u22127.7%\u00b126.3%, p=0.002). Interleukin-6 was downregulated in tVNS versus active control (p=0.029). No significant differences were observed in tVNS versus active control for PROMIS-29 Item4, QoL scales and HRV with both spectral and symbolic analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>tVNS demonstrated to be a safe and non-invasive add-on tool to reduce pain in SSc.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2023-003265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]],"date-time":"2023-08-03T13:31:05Z","timestamp":1691069465000},"page":"e003265","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Transcutaneous auricular branch vagal nerve stimulation as a non-invasive add-on therapeutic approach for pain in systemic 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