{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T02:40:31Z","timestamp":1783478431402,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]],"date-time":"2023-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699920000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["RMD Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Based on Barker\u2019s hypothesis, some studies investigated the associations between birth weight and several disorders. Apart from issues with statistical power and well-known shortcomings of the observational study design, there are no studies accounting for changes in weight-related body size over the life course regarding rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis and multiple sclerosis.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Using genetic information of up to 806\u2009834 participants, this study investigated the associations between time-varying weight-related body size from birth to adulthood and the mentioned autoimmune diseases. Performing Mendelian randomisation (MR), the radial inverse-variance weighted approach was used iteratively in primary analyses. Robustness of the results was confirmed in several sensitivity analyses. Potential time-dependent mediation mechanisms were identified through network-clustering and assessed using multivariable MR.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Genetically predicted birth weight (fetal effect) was positively associated with rheumatoid arthritis (OR 1.44; 95%\u2009CI 1.17 to 1.77; P<jats:sub>adj<\/jats:sub> =0.005) but not with psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis or multiple sclerosis. This association was found to be mediated by body mass index (BMI) in adulthood (OR 1.45; 95%\u2009CI 1.14 to 1.84; P<jats:sub>adj<\/jats:sub> =0.019) rather than childhood. The direct effect of birth weight attenuated (OR 1.19; 95%\u2009CI 0.88 to 1.62); P<jats:sub>adj<\/jats:sub> =1) after adjustment for time-varying BMI.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Increased birth weight appears to be a risk factor for later manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis due to both fetal genetic components and high BMI persisting into adulthood. Approaches to prevent and minimise the risk of rheumatoid arthritis could include preventing obesity in adults with high birth weight.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2023-003633","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]],"date-time":"2023-11-14T12:08:47Z","timestamp":1699963727000},"page":"e003633","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Causal effects of time-varying body size on selected autoimmune disorders: a life course Mendelian randomisation study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7188-9087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dennis","family":"Freuer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, University Hospital of Augsburg, Augsburg, 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