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We aimed to evaluate the effect of long-term exposure to particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of \u226410\u2009\u00b5m (PM\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) and nitrogen dioxide (NO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) on mortality in patients with RA-ILD.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We included 309 patients (mean age, 61.7 years; male, 44.3%) with RA-ILD. Individual-level long-term exposures to PM\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      and NO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      at their residential addresses were estimated using a national-scale exposure prediction model. The effect of the two air pollutants on mortality was estimated using a Cox-proportional hazards model adjusted for individual-level and area-level characteristics.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The median follow-up period was 4.8 years, and 40.8% of patients died or underwent lung transplantation. The annual average concentrations of PM\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      and NO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      were 56.3 \u03bcg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      and 22.4 ppb, respectively. When air pollutant levels were stratified by quartiles, no association was observed between air pollutant concentration and mortality in patients with RA-ILD. However, when stratified by two groups (high exposure (top 25th percentile) vs low exposure (bottom 75th percentile)), we observed a significant association between high PM\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      exposure and mortality (HR 1.68; 95% CI 1.11 to 2.52; p=0.013) but no association between NO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      exposure and mortality. In the subgroup analyses, the effect of high PM\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      exposure on mortality was significant in patients aged &lt;65 years (HR 1.98; 95%\u2009CI 1.02 to 3.85; p=0.045).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our results indicated that high PM\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      exposure may be associated with mortality in patients with RA-ILD.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2023-003680","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T12:40:16Z","timestamp":1707396016000},"page":"e003680","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["PM\n                    <sub>10<\/sub>\n                    increases mortality risk in rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Soo Han","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sun-Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer AI & Digital Health, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hee-Young","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy and Respiratory Diseases, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5121-3522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin Woo","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025090312053441000_10.1.e003680.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60826-4"},{"key":"2025090312053441000_10.1.e003680.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-017-0701-5","article-title":"Rheumatoid Arthritis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease: Current Concepts","volume":"19","author":"Brito","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"key":"2025090312053441000_10.1.e003680.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.4046\/trd.2019.0009","article-title":"Korean Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management of Interstitial Lung Diseases: Part 5. 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