{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T11:55:47Z","timestamp":1789818947454,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,10]],"date-time":"2024-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707523200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CRC1181 Checkpoints for Resolution of Inflammation"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRC1181 Checkpoints for Resolution of Inflammation"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DFG-FOR2886 PANDORA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DFG-FOR2886 PANDORA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Synergy grant 4D Nanoscope"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Synergy grant 4D Nanoscope"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001652","name":"Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Emerging Fields Initiative MIRACLE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Emerging Fields Initiative MIRACLE"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001652","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010767","name":"Innovative Medicines Initiative","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["grant agreement No 101007757 (HIPPOCRATES)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant agreement No 101007757 (HIPPOCRATES)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010767","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MASCARA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MASCARA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"2022 GRAPPA Pilot Research Grant"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["RMD Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>It is known that metabolic shifts and tissue remodelling precede the development of visible inflammation and structural organ damage in inflammatory rheumatic diseases such as the inflammatory arthritides. As such, visualising and measuring metabolic tissue activity could be useful to identify biomarkers of disease activity already in a very early phase. Recent advances in imaging have led to the development of so-called \u2018metabolic imaging\u2019 tools that can detect these changes in metabolism in an increasingly accurate manner and non-invasively.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Nuclear imaging techniques such as <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F-D-glucose and fibroblast activation protein inhibitor-labelled positron emission tomography are increasingly used and have yielded impressing results in the visualisation (including whole-body staging) of inflammatory changes in both early and established arthritis. Furthermore, optical imaging-based bedside techniques such as multispectral optoacoustic tomography and fluorescence optical imaging are advancing our understanding of arthritis by identifying intra-articular metabolic changes that correlate with the onset of inflammation with high precision and without the need of ionising radiation.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Metabolic imaging holds great potential for improving the management of patients with inflammatory arthritis by contributing to early disease interception and improving diagnostic accuracy, thereby paving the way for a more personalised approach to therapy strategies including preventive strategies. In this narrative review, we discuss state-of-the-art metabolic imaging methods used in the assessment of arthritis and inflammation, and we advocate for more extensive research endeavours to elucidate their full field of application in rheumatology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2023-003880","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,10]],"date-time":"2024-02-10T04:25:34Z","timestamp":1707539134000},"page":"e003880","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Metabolic and molecular imaging in inflammatory arthritis"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Rita","family":"Noversa de Sousa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Medicina Interna, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"Deutsches Zentrum fuer Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8109-826X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koray","family":"Tascilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Deutsches Zentrum fuer Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Corte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Deutsches Zentrum fuer Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armin","family":"Atzinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioanna","family":"Minopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Deutsches Zentrum fuer Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5943-4688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Ohrndorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charit\u00e9 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maximilian","family":"Waldner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Schmidkonz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Medical Engineering, Ostbayerische Technische Hochschule Amberg-Weiden, Amberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Torsten","family":"Kuwert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ferdinand","family":"Knieling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnd","family":"Kleyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charit\u00e9 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Ramming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Deutsches Zentrum fuer Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georg","family":"Schett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Deutsches Zentrum fuer Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8310-7820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charit\u00e9 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6122-0774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filippo","family":"Fagni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Deutsches Zentrum fuer Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2011.78"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii1","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.104018","article-title":"The Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS) handbook: a guide to assess spondyloarthritis","volume":"68 Suppl 2","author":"Sieper","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21972"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2013.09.005"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2019-000951","article-title":"Six-month prospective trial in early and long-standing rheumatoid arthritis: evaluating disease activity in the wrist through sequential synovial histopathological analysis, RAMRIS magnetic resonance score and EULAR-OMERACT ultrasound score","volume":"5","author":"Just","year":"2019","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.6","first-page":"519","article-title":"One year in review 2018: ultrasonography in rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis","volume":"36","author":"Zabotti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2009.123950"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2009.126953"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2015-208821"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-023-01016-1","article-title":"Imaging in inflammatory arthritis: progress towards precision medicine","volume":"19","author":"Minopoulou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.36.5.399"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40658-016-0155-2","article-title":"An overview of CEST MRI for non-MR physicists","volume":"3","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"EJNMMI Phys"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.09.004","article-title":"Emerging Technologies to Image Tissue Metabolism","volume":"29","author":"Ntziachristos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2012.05.021"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1471-1"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2017.188"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kev330"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20174249","article-title":"Altered Lipid Metabolism in Blood Mononuclear Cells of Psoriatic Patients Indicates Differential Changes in Psoriasis Vulgaris and Psoriatic Arthritis","volume":"20","author":"W\u00f3jcik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-018-3973-8","article-title":"FDG-PET\/CT(A) imaging in large vessel vasculitis and polymyalgia rheumatica: joint procedural recommendation of the EANM, SNMMI, and the PET Interest Group (PIG), and endorsed by the ASNC","volume":"45","author":"Slart","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2967\/jnmt.121.262151"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.196.3.7644624"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20160138","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20160138","article-title":"High-resolution (18)F-FDG PET\/CT for assessing disease activity in rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis: findings of a prospective pilot study","volume":"89","author":"Chaudhari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-012-2282-x"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.13730","article-title":"Comparison of methods of quantifying global synovial metabolic activity with FDG-PET\/CT in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"22","author":"Raynor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Rheum Dis"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2011.06031.x"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2011.08.002","article-title":"(18)FDG PET\/CT is a powerful tool for detecting subclinical arthritis in patients with psoriatic arthritis and\/or psoriasis vulgaris","volume":"64","author":"Takata","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Dermatol Sci"},{"issue":"SI","key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"SI6","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keab842","article-title":"18F-FDG PET-CT in rheumatoid arthritis patients tapering TNFi: reliability, validity and predictive value","volume":"61","author":"Bouman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/rap\/rkac014","article-title":"Extra-articular findings with FDG-PET\/CT in rheumatoid arthritis patients: more harm than benefit","volume":"6","author":"Ulijn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rheumatol Adv Pract"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rauber S , Mohammadian H , Schmidkonz C , et al . Molecular imaging with fibroblast activation protein tracers depicts inflammatory joint damage and its transition to resolution of inflammation. Immunology [Preprint] 2023. doi:10.1101\/2023.01.17.524425","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.01.17.524425"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-217408"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.119.227967"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.114.152959"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1263-7"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e185","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(20)30421-5","article-title":"68Ga-FAPI-04 PET-CT for molecular assessment of fibroblast activation and risk evaluation in systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease: a single-centre, pilot study","volume":"3","author":"Bergmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s41181-019-0069-0","article-title":"Targeting of activated fibroblasts for imaging and therapy","volume":"4","author":"Lindner","year":"2019","journal-title":"EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4025","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-022-05836-3","article-title":"Preclinical evaluation and pilot clinical study of [18F]AlF-NOTA-FAPI-04 for PET imaging of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"49","author":"Ge","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.222052","article-title":"68Ga-FAPI PET\/CT for Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Prospective Study","volume":"307","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.38","unstructured":"Fagni F , Simon D , Kleyer A , et al . Fibroblast Activation in Psoriasis Patients Assessed by 68Ga-FAPI-04 PET-CT Is Associated with Progression to Psoriatic Arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2022."},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.117.207431"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-008-0757-6"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.819163","article-title":"Folate Receptor Beta for Macrophage Imaging in Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"13","author":"Steinz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"#cr-split#-2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.42.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Binsbergen W , De Jongh J , Pieplenbosch S , et al . POS0153 MACROPHAGE [11c]-dpa-713 pet-ct imaging to predict early anti-tnf treatment outcome in rheumatoid arthritis. EULAR 2023 European Congress of Rheumatology, 31 May - 3 June. Milan, Italy","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2023-eular.420"},{"key":"#cr-split#-2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.42.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"June 2023:1-298 doi:10.1136\/annrheumdis-2023-eular.420","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2023-eular.420"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3898","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-022-05839-0","article-title":"Comparison of [68 Ga]Ga-DOTA-FAPI-04 PET\/CT and [18F]FDG PET\/CT in colorectal cancer","volume":"49","author":"K\u00f6mek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2010.07.022","article-title":"PET\/CT with 68Gallium-DOTA-peptides in NET: an overview","volume":"80","author":"Ambrosini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-020-05028-x","article-title":"[68Ga]Ga-DOTA-FAPI-04 PET\/CT imaging in a case of prostate cancer with shoulder arthritis","volume":"48","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13550-022-00892-0","article-title":"PET-CT imaging of pulmonary inflammation using [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-TATE","volume":"12","author":"Puuvuori","year":"2022","journal-title":"EJNMMI Res"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.314030"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.09.034"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200420227"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.02.063"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-015-0770-7","article-title":"Subclinical synovitis detected by macrophage PET, but not MRI, is related to short-term flare of clinical disease activity in early RA patients: an exploratory study","volume":"17","author":"Gent","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23955"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2021-002108","article-title":"Early prediction of treatment response in rheumatoid arthritis by quantitative macrophage PET","volume":"8","author":"Verweij","year":"2022","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-57841-x","article-title":"First in man study of [18F]fluoro-PEG-folate PET: a novel macrophage imaging technique to visualize rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"10","author":"Verweij","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2021-eular.2189"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2020-001497","article-title":"Fluorescence optical imaging: ready for prime time?","volume":"7","author":"Ohrndorf","year":"2021","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2010-148288"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38175"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-019-1989-5","article-title":"Fluorescence optical imaging for treatment monitoring in patients with early and active rheumatoid arthritis in a 1-year follow-up period","volume":"21","author":"Glimm","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.13130039"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-017-1300-6","article-title":"Disturbed microcirculation in the hands of patients with systemic sclerosis detected by fluorescence optical imaging: a pilot study","volume":"19","author":"Friedrich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-019-1875-1","article-title":"Association between baseline clinical and imaging findings and the development of digital ulcers in patients with systemic sclerosis","volume":"21","author":"Friedrich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-020-02277-x","article-title":"Detection of subclinical skin manifestation in patients with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis by fluorescence optical imaging","volume":"22","author":"Schmidt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.64","first-page":"913","article-title":"Fluorescence optical imaging for the detection of potential psoriatic arthritis in comparison to musculoskeletal ultrasound","volume":"17","author":"Erdmann\u2010Keding","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Deutsche Derma Gesell"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2022-002682","article-title":"Fluorescence-optical imaging as a promising easy-to-use imaging biomarker to increase early psoriatic arthritis detection in patients with psoriasis: a cross-sectional cohort study with follow-up","volume":"8","author":"Koehm","year":"2022","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cr9002566"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2013.2279994"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsfs.2011.0028"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9050483","article-title":"Optoacoustic Imaging in Inflammation","volume":"9","author":"Regensburger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-16-0573"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1117\/1.2437752","article-title":"Real-time optoacoustic monitoring of vascular damage during photodynamic therapy treatment of tumor","volume":"12","author":"Xiang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Biomed Opt"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-022-00615-3","article-title":"The emerging role of photoacoustic imaging in clinical oncology","volume":"19","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aad1278","article-title":"Metastatic status of sentinel lymph nodes in melanoma determined noninvasively with multispectral optoacoustic imaging","volume":"7","author":"Stoffels","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-30471-9","article-title":"Fast raster-scan optoacoustic mesoscopy enables assessment of human melanoma microvasculature in vivo","volume":"13","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2023.100513","article-title":"Raster-scanning optoacoustic mesoscopy biomarkers for atopic dermatitis skin lesions","volume":"31","author":"Nau","year":"2023","journal-title":"Photoacoustics"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-023-01275-3","article-title":"Opening a window to skin biomarkers for diabetes stage with optoacoustic mesoscopy","volume":"12","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Light Sci Appl"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2023.100578","article-title":"Multispectral optoacoustic tomography enables assessment of disease activity in paediatric inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"35","author":"Regensburger","year":"2024","journal-title":"Photoacoustics"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2023.100457","article-title":"Multispectral optoacoustic tomography of the human intestine - temporal precision and the influence of postprandial gastrointestinal blood flow","volume":"30","author":"Paulus","year":"2023","journal-title":"Photoacoustics"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202302562","article-title":"Contrast-Enhanced Multispectral Optoacoustic Tomography for Functional Assessment of the Gastrointestinal Tract","volume":"10","author":"Paulus","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2023.100579","article-title":"Hybrid ultrasound and single wavelength optoacoustic imaging reveals muscle degeneration in peripheral artery disease","volume":"35","author":"Tr\u00e4ger","year":"2024","journal-title":"Photoacoustics"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0669-y"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2022.11.010","article-title":"Targeting Muscular Hemoglobin Content for Classification of Peripheral Arterial Disease by Noninvasive Multispectral Optoacoustic Tomography","volume":"16","author":"G\u00fcnther","year":"2023","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2021.100315","article-title":"Multispectral optoacoustic tomography for non-invasive disease phenotyping in pediatric spinal muscular atrophy patients","volume":"25","author":"Regensburger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Photoacoustics"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3925","article-title":"A practical guide to photoacoustic tomography in the life sciences","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2017.2706200","article-title":"Combined Pulse-Echo Ultrasound and Multispectral Optoacoustic Tomography With a Multi-Segment Detector Array","volume":"36","author":"Mercep","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Med Imaging"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2015.007058"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3929"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-021-00482-5","article-title":"Optoacoustic imaging in endocrinology and metabolism","volume":"17","author":"Karlas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.89","first-page":"11","article-title":"Multispectral optoacoustic tomography of systemic sclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Masthoff","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Biophotonics"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2022.100414","article-title":"Multispectral optoacoustic tomography for the non-invasive identification of patients with severe anemia in vivo","volume":"28","author":"Ganzleben","year":"2022","journal-title":"Photoacoustics"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0028190","article-title":"Progress in biomedical photoacoustic imaging instrumentation toward clinical application","volume":"128","author":"Paltauf","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Appl Phys"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1612455"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2020.100220","article-title":"Precision of handheld multispectral optoacoustic tomography for muscle imaging","volume":"21","author":"Wagner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Photoacoustics"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2017.08.002","article-title":"Feasibility of photoacoustic\/ultrasound imaging of synovitis in finger joints using a point-of-care system","volume":"8","author":"van den Berg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Photoacoustics"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2020.100225","article-title":"Multispectral optoacoustic tomography might be a helpful tool for noninvasive early diagnosis of psoriatic arthritis","volume":"21","author":"Hallasch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Photoacoustics"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keac346","article-title":"Non-invasive metabolic profiling of inflammation in joints and entheses by multispectral optoacoustic tomography","volume":"62","author":"Tascilar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8010063","article-title":"Multispectral Optoacoustic Tomography: Intra- and Interobserver Variability Using a Clinical Hybrid Approach","volume":"8","author":"Helfen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.450224"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2023.100539","article-title":"A review of A strategic roadmapping exercise to advance clinical translation of photoacoustic imaging: From current barriers to future adoption","volume":"32","author":"Assi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Photoacoustics"},{"key":"2025090313014297000_10.1.e003880.100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2022.100339","article-title":"The IPASC data format: A consensus data format for photoacoustic imaging","volume":"26","author":"Gr\u00f6hl","year":"2022","journal-title":"Photoacoustics"}],"container-title":["RMD Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/rmdopen-2023-003880","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T20:01:58Z","timestamp":1756929718000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/rmdopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/rmdopen-2023-003880"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"references-count":101,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/rmdopen-2023-003880"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/rmdopen-2023-003880","relation":{},"ISSN":["2056-5933"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2056-5933","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}}}