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The human leucocyte antigen (<jats:italic>HLA<\/jats:italic>) gene was reported to be an important risk factor for PMR, but it has not been analysed precisely, especially in populations other than Europeans.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Genotyping of <jats:italic>DRB1<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>DQB1<\/jats:italic> was performed in Japanese PMR patients (n=270) and controls (n=413). Associations between allele carrier and genotype frequencies were determined for PMR.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                     <jats:italic>DRB1*04:05<\/jats:italic> was associated with a predisposition to PMR (p=0.0006, <jats:italic>Pc<\/jats:italic>=0.0193, OR 1.85, 95% CI 1.31 to 2.62). <jats:italic>DRB1*09:01<\/jats:italic> was associated with protection against PMR (p=1.46\u00d710<jats:sup>\u22125<\/jats:sup>, <jats:italic>Pc<\/jats:italic>=0.0004, OR 0.40, 95% CI 0.26 to 0.61). A shared epitope (SE) associated with PMR (p=3.07\u00d710<jats:sup>\u22126<\/jats:sup>, OR 2.11, 95% CI 1.54 to 2.88). <jats:italic>DQB1*03:03<\/jats:italic> (p=0.0010, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>c=0.0140, OR 0.52, 95% CI 0.35 to 0.77) was associated with protection against PMR and <jats:italic>DQB1*04:01<\/jats:italic> (p=0.0009, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>c=0.0140, OR 1.82, 95%\u2009CI 1.28 to 2.58) was associated with predisposition to PMR. A gene dosage effect was observed for <jats:italic>DRB1*09:01<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>DQB1*03:03<\/jats:italic>, but not for <jats:italic>DRB1*04:05,<\/jats:italic> SE or <jats:italic>DQB1*04:01<\/jats:italic>. Haplotype and logistic regression analyses suggested a protective effect for <jats:italic>DRB1*09:01<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study is the first to demonstrate predisposing associations of <jats:italic>DRB1*04:05,<\/jats:italic> SE, and <jats:italic>DQB1*04:01<\/jats:italic>, and protective associations of <jats:italic>DRB1*09:01<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>DQB1*03:03<\/jats:italic> with PMR in Japanese patients. Our data indicate <jats:italic>HLA<\/jats:italic> has predisposing and protective effects on the pathogenesis of PMR.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2023-003897","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]],"date-time":"2024-01-22T20:25:36Z","timestamp":1705955136000},"page":"e003897","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Human leucocyte antigens and Japanese patients with polymyalgia rheumatica: the protective effect of <i>DRB1*09:01<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Shinichi","family":"Nogi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, NHO Sagamihara National Hospital, Sagamihara, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shomi","family":"Oka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, NHO Tokyo National Hospital, Kiyose, 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