{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T14:17:43Z","timestamp":1781705863599,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]],"date-time":"2024-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718150400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Novartis Pharma AG"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["RMD Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study aims to assess the prevalence of poor mental health in axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) and its associated factors in a large sample of patients from the International Map of Axial Spondyloarthritis (IMAS) study from around the globe.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>IMAS is a cross-sectional online survey (2017\u20132022) that includes 5557 unselected patients with axSpA worldwide. Mental health was evaluated by the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and the cut-off point for poor mental health was set at 3. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate relationships between the investigated factors and poor mental health (GHQ-12\u22653) in patients with axSpA (n=4335).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Of 5351 patients, the mean of GHQ-12 was 4.7 and 59.4% were having poor mental health, being 69.9% in South Africa, 63.7% in Latin America, 60.8% in Europe, 54.3% in North America and 51.8% in Asia. Overall, 40.5% and 37.2% of patients experienced anxiety and depression. The factors associated with poor mental health were younger age (OR=0.99), female gender (OR=1.16), being on sick leave or unemployed (OR=1.63), non-physical activity (OR=1.22), smoking (OR=1.20), higher Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index [BASDAI] (OR=1.42), functional limitation (OR=1.02) and shorter symptoms duration (OR=0.98).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Globally, 6 in 10 patients with axSpA had poor mental health, with a higher proportion in South Africa and lower in Asia. The factors associated with poor mental health include domains such as younger age, female gender, employment difficulties, harmful habits, disease burden and symptom duration. A holistic management approach to axSpA should encompass both physical and mental health.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2024-004218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]],"date-time":"2024-06-12T19:25:19Z","timestamp":1718220319000},"page":"e004218","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Factors Associated with Poor Mental Health in Patients with Axial Spondyloarthritis: Results from the International Map of Axial Spondyloarthritis (IMAS)"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9727-1189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Garrido-Cumbrera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health & Territory Research (HTR), Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain"},{"name":"Patient Advocacy, Spanish Federation of Spondyloarthritis Patient Associations (CEADE), Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4527-852X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria","family":"Navarro-Comp\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, IdiPaz, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4537-6015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denis","family":"Poddubnyy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Charit\u00e9 - Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, German Rheumatology Research Centre, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Sommerfleck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Sanatorio Julio Mendez, Buenos Aires, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Souzi","family":"Makri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Patient Advocacy, Cyprus League of People with Rheumatism (CYLPER), Nicosia, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Correa-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health & Territory Research (HTR), Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shashank","family":"Akerkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Mumbai Arthritis Clinic, Mumbai, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo","family":"Lowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Patient Advocacy, Axial Spondyloarthritis International Federation (ASIF), London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elie","family":"Karam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Patient Advocacy, Canadian Spondylitis Association (CSA), Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Bundy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025090312092862000_10.2.e004218.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31591-4"},{"key":"2025090312092862000_10.2.e004218.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2021-221035"},{"key":"2025090312092862000_10.2.e004218.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2021-001769","article-title":"Impact of Axial Spondyloarthritis on mental health in Europe: results from the EMAS study","volume":"7","author":"Garrido-Cumbrera","year":"2021","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"2025090312092862000_10.2.e004218.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-014-2699-7","article-title":"Sociodemographic and disease-related factors are associated with patient-reported anxiety and depression in Spondyloarthritis patients in the Swedish Spascania cohort","volume":"33","author":"Meesters","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025090312092862000_10.2.e004218.5","first-page":"879","article-title":"Anxiety and depression correlate with disease and quality-of-life parameters in Chinese patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis","volume":"10","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Patient Prefer Adherence"},{"key":"2025090312092862000_10.2.e004218.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e547","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0000000000001575","article-title":"Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of Axial Spondyloarthritis","volume":"27","author":"Walsh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025090312092862000_10.2.e004218.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.5152\/eurjrheum.2021.21022","article-title":"Anxiety and depression among patients with Axial Spondyloarthritis","volume":"9","author":"Narendra Reddy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025090312092862000_10.2.e004218.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2004.06.012"},{"key":"2025090312092862000_10.2.e004218.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1007\/s40744-021-00321-z","article-title":"Personal experiences with diagnostic delay among Axial Spondyloarthritis patients: A qualitative study","volume":"8","author":"Dube","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rheumatol Ther"},{"key":"2025090312092862000_10.2.e004218.10","unstructured":"Qaiyum Z . 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