{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T07:18:10Z","timestamp":1790839090101,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]],"date-time":"2024-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723075200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["RMD Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) and giant cell arteritis (GCA) are frequently overlapping conditions. Unlike in GCA, vascular inflammation is absent in PMR. Therefore, serum biomarkers reflecting vascular remodelling could be used to identify GCA in cases of apparently isolated PMR.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>45 patients with isolated PMR and 29 patients with PMR\/GCA overlap were included. Blood samples were collected before starting glucocorticoids for all patients. Serum biomarkers reflecting systemic inflammation (interleukin-6 (IL-6), CXCL9), vascular remodelling (MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-9) and endothelial function (sCD141, sCD146, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, vWFA2) were measured by Luminex assays.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Patients with GCA had higher serum levels of sCD141 (p=0.002) and CXCL9 (p=0.002) than isolated PMR. By contrast, serum levels of MMP-3 (p=0.01) and IL-6 (p=0.004) were lower in GCA than isolated PMR. The area under the curve (AUC) was calculated for sCD141, CXCL9, IL-6 and MMP-3. Separately, none of them were &gt;0.7, but combinations revealed higher diagnostic accuracy. The CXCL9\/IL-6 ratio was significantly increased in patients with GCA (p=0.0001; cut-off &gt;32.8, AUC 0.76), while the MMP-3\/sCD141 ratio was significantly lower in patients with GCA (p&lt;0.0001; cut-off &lt;5.3, AUC 0.79). In patients with subclinical GCA, which is the most difficult to diagnose, sCD141 and MMP-3\/sCD141 ratio demonstrated high diagnostic accuracy with AUC of 0.81 and 0.77, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Combined serum biomarkers such as CXCL9\/IL-6 and MMP-3\/sCD141 could help identify GCA in patients with isolated PMR. It could allow to select patients with PMR in whom complementary examinations are needed.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2024-004488","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]],"date-time":"2024-08-08T23:10:18Z","timestamp":1723158618000},"page":"e004488","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Diagnostic accuracy of serum biomarkers to identify giant cell arteritis in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7289-7916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Ramon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology, University Hospital Centre Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France"},{"name":"EFS, INSERM, UMR RIGHT, Franche-Comt\u00e9 University, Besan\u00e7on, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"Greigert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EFS, INSERM, UMR RIGHT, Franche-Comt\u00e9 University, Besan\u00e7on, France"},{"name":"Vascular Medicine Department, University Hospital Centre Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karine","family":"Goueslard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Methodological Support Unit (USMR), University Hospital Centre Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudie","family":"Cladi\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EFS, INSERM, UMR RIGHT, Franche-Comt\u00e9 University, Besan\u00e7on, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marion","family":"Ciudad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EFS, INSERM, UMR RIGHT, Franche-Comt\u00e9 University, Besan\u00e7on, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Ornetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology, University Hospital Centre Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France"},{"name":"INSERM, CIC 1432, Clinical Investigation Center, Plurithematic Module, Technological Investigation Platform, Dijon-Bourgogne University Hospital, Dijon, France"},{"name":"INSERM UMR 1093-CAPS, Bourgogne Franche-Comt\u00e9 University, Dijon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvain","family":"Audia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EFS, INSERM, UMR RIGHT, Franche-Comt\u00e9 University, Besan\u00e7on, France"},{"name":"Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology Department, Referral Center for Rare Systemic Autoimmune and Autoinflammatory Diseases, University Hospital Centre Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean Francis","family":"Maillefert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology, University Hospital Centre Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France"},{"name":"INSERM UMR 1093-CAPS, Bourgogne Franche-Comt\u00e9 University, Dijon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7229-3808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernard","family":"Bonnotte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EFS, INSERM, UMR RIGHT, Franche-Comt\u00e9 University, Besan\u00e7on, France"},{"name":"Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology Department, Referral Center for Rare Systemic Autoimmune and Autoinflammatory Diseases, University Hospital Centre Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxime","family":"Samson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EFS, INSERM, UMR RIGHT, Franche-Comt\u00e9 University, Besan\u00e7on, France"},{"name":"Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology Department, Referral Center for Rare Systemic Autoimmune and Autoinflammatory Diseases, University Hospital Centre Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025090312105598000_10.3.e004488.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.5444"},{"key":"2025090312105598000_10.3.e004488.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2017.05.014","article-title":"Recent advances in our understanding of giant cell arteritis pathogenesis","volume":"16","author":"Samson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"2025090312105598000_10.3.e004488.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kew273"},{"key":"2025090312105598000_10.3.e004488.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2022.152017","article-title":"Subclinical giant cell arteritis in new onset polymyalgia rheumatica a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data","volume":"55","author":"Hemmig","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2025090312105598000_10.3.e004488.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11102905","article-title":"New insights into the pathogenesis of giant cell arteritis: mechanisms involved in maintaining vascular inflammation","volume":"11","author":"Greigert","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2025090312105598000_10.3.e004488.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2013.161"},{"key":"2025090312105598000_10.3.e004488.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2021-220873"},{"key":"2025090312105598000_10.3.e004488.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2016.05.008","article-title":"Involvement and prognosis value of CD8(+) T cells in giant cell arteritis","volume":"72","author":"Samson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"2025090312105598000_10.3.e004488.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780360913"},{"key":"2025090312105598000_10.3.e004488.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.313206","article-title":"MMP (Matrix Metalloprotease)-9-Producing Monocytes Enable T Cells to Invade the Vessel Wall and Cause Vasculitis","volume":"123","author":"Watanabe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2025090312105598000_10.3.e004488.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2010.05.002"},{"key":"2025090312105598000_10.3.e004488.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(96)00230-6"},{"key":"2025090312105598000_10.3.e004488.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-12-768994"},{"key":"2025090312105598000_10.3.e004488.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20020077"},{"key":"2025090312105598000_10.3.e004488.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-022-02754-5","article-title":"Angiopoietin-2\/-1 ratios and MMP-3 levels as an early warning sign for the presence of giant cell arteritis in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica","volume":"24","author":"van Sleen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"2025090312105598000_10.3.e004488.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.3109\/14397595.2015.1071304","article-title":"MMP-3 can distinguish isolated PMR from PMR with GCA: a retrospective study regarding PMR and GCA in Japan","volume":"26","author":"Fukui","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mod Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025090312105598000_10.3.e004488.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2011-200329"},{"key":"2025090312105598000_10.3.e004488.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2022-223480"},{"key":"2025090312105598000_10.3.e004488.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keac430","article-title":"PET\/CT of cranial arteries for a sensitive diagnosis of giant cell arteritis","volume":"62","author":"Thibault","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"2025090312105598000_10.3.e004488.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3676","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-018-5311-8","article-title":"CT analysis of the aorta in giant-cell arteritis: a case-control study","volume":"28","author":"Berthod","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"2025090312105598000_10.3.e004488.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25246-7","article-title":"Single-cell sequencing of immune cells from anticitrullinated peptide antibody positive and negative rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2025090312105598000_10.3.e004488.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.1.131"},{"key":"2025090312105598000_10.3.e004488.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.111.225623"},{"key":"2025090312105598000_10.3.e004488.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000066907.83923.32"}],"container-title":["RMD Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/rmdopen-2024-004488","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T19:11:03Z","timestamp":1756926663000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/rmdopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/rmdopen-2024-004488"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/rmdopen-2024-004488"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/rmdopen-2024-004488","relation":{},"ISSN":["2056-5933"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2056-5933","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}}}