{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T01:36:09Z","timestamp":1790300169254,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]],"date-time":"2024-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730073600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":27,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006315","name":"ReumaNederland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Nr. 21-1-101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Nr. 21-1-101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006315","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["RMD Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In many patients with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA), pain persists despite anti-inflammatory medication. Quantitative sensory testing (QST) indirectly assesses altered somatosensory function, though its clinical practicality is limited. The Central Sensitisation Inventory (CSI) could be an alternative in the initial assessment of central sensitisation (CS). This study aimed to investigate the value of the CSI in evaluating CS in patients with axSpA by (1) assessing somatosensory function related to CS with QST and (2) exploring associations between CSI, QST, patient and disease characteristics and pain-related psychosocial factors.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Consecutive outpatients from the Groningen Leeuwarden AxSpA cohort underwent QST, including pressure pain threshold (PPT), temporal summation (TS) and conditioned pain modulation (CPM). Participants completed questionnaires assessing CS (CSI), illness perception (Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire, IPQ-R), pain-related worrying (Pain Catastrophising Scale, PCS), fatigue (Modified Fatigue Impact Scale, MFIS), anxiety\/depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, HADS) and coping. QST measurements were stratified for CSI\u226540.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>201 patients with axSpA were included; 63% male, 64% radiographic axSpA, median symptom duration 12 years (IQR 5\u201324), mean Axial Spondyloarthritis Disease Activity Score 2.1\u00b11.0. Patients with CSI\u226540 had significantly lower PPTs and higher TS than CSI&lt;40 (p&lt;0.004). No significant differences in CPM were observed. In multivariable linear regression, sex, PCS, IPQ-R Identity, MFIS and HADS anxiety were independently associated with CSI (78% explained variance).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In this large cross-sectional study in patients with axSpA, the CSI appears as a useful initial CS assessment questionnaire. When CSI scores indicate CS, considering pain-related psychosocial factors is important. These results emphasise the need for a biopsychosocial approach to manage chronic pain in patients with axSpA.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2024-004528","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]],"date-time":"2024-10-28T10:35:22Z","timestamp":1730111722000},"page":"e004528","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Value of the central sensitisation inventory in patients with axial spondyloarthritis"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6809-6799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yvonne Maria","family":"van der Kraan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Centre, Groningen, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davy","family":"Paap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Centre, Groningen, Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Saxion University of Applied Sciences, Enschede, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Timmerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology, Pain Center, University Medical Centre, Groningen, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0319-1247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Freke","family":"Wink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Medical Centre, Leeuwarden, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4422-7640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suzanne","family":"Arends","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Centre, Groningen, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michiel","family":"Reneman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medical Centre, Groningen, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anneke","family":"Spoorenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Centre, Groningen, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025090312242808000_10.4.e004528.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2021-221035"},{"key":"2025090312242808000_10.4.e004528.2","first-page":"2286","article-title":"A new approach to defining disease status in ankylosing spondylitis: the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index","volume":"21","author":"Garrett","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025090312242808000_10.4.e004528.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.094870"},{"key":"2025090312242808000_10.4.e004528.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2011.151027"},{"key":"2025090312242808000_10.4.e004528.5","first-page":"61","article-title":"Long-term drug survival and clinical effectiveness of etanercept treatment in patients with ankylosing spondylitis in daily clinical practice","volume":"35","author":"Arends","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025090312242808000_10.4.e004528.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjpt.2023.100518","article-title":"Nociplastic pain and central sensitization in patients with chronic pain conditions: a terminology update for clinicians","volume":"27","author":"Nijs","year":"2023","journal-title":"Braz J Phys Ther"},{"key":"2025090312242808000_10.4.e004528.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2098","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00392-5","article-title":"Nociplastic pain: towards an understanding of prevalent pain conditions","volume":"397","author":"Fitzcharles","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2025090312242808000_10.4.e004528.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2018.1552042"},{"key":"2025090312242808000_10.4.e004528.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.09.030"},{"key":"2025090312242808000_10.4.e004528.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adams LM , Turk DC . 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