{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T17:49:16Z","timestamp":1789148956826,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]],"date-time":"2024-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728345600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014188","name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2022R1F1A1065348"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2022R1F1A1065348"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014188","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01 GM138597"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 GM138597"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["RMD Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Recent studies have reported that gout is associated with a risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) later in life. However, the predictive value of genetic predisposition to gout combined with lifestyle habits for CVD risk remains unclear. This study aimed to examine the association between genetic predisposition to gout and lifestyle habits and the risk of developing CVD in two diverse prospective cohorts from different ancestries.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 224\u2009689 participants of European descent from the UK Biobank and 50\u2009364 participants of East Asian descent from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study were included. The genetic risk for gout was assessed using a polygenic risk score (PRS) derived from a meta-genome-wide association study (n=444\u2009533). The incident CVD risk was evaluated according to genetic risk, lifestyle and metabolic syndrome (MetS).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Individuals at high genetic risk for gout had a higher risk of incident CVD than those with low genetic risk across ancestry. Notably, a reduction in CVD risk by up to 62% (HR 0.38; 95%\u2009CI 0.31 to 0.46; p &lt;0.001) was observed in individuals at both low and high genetic risk for gout when they maintained ideal MetS and favourable lifestyle habits.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our findings indicate that a higher genetic risk of gout is significantly associated with an increased risk of CVD. Moreover, adherence to a favourable lifestyle can significantly reduce CVD risk, particularly in individuals with high genetic risk. These results underscore the potential of PRS-based risk assessment to improve clinical outcomes through tailored preventative strategies.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2024-004552","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]],"date-time":"2024-10-08T23:00:27Z","timestamp":1728428427000},"page":"e004552","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cardiovascular risk according to genetic predisposition to gout, lifestyle and metabolic health across prospective European and Korean cohorts"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Ki Won","family":"Moon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang\u2011Hyuk","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyunsue","family":"Do","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang-Nam","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Eulji University School of Medicine, Uijeongbu, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaeyoung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (SAIHST), Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonghyun","family":"Nam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae-Seung","family":"Yun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Woong-Yang","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Samsung Genome Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong-Hee","family":"Won","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (SAIHST), Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea"},{"name":"Samsung Genome Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4592-9564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dokyoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"},{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025090312083247000_10.4.e004552.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2014-205252"},{"key":"2025090312083247000_10.4.e004552.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.09.033"},{"key":"2025090312083247000_10.4.e004552.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11082124","article-title":"Cardiovascular Risks in Korean Patients with Gout: Analysis Using a National Health Insurance Service Database","volume":"11","author":"Moon","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2025090312083247000_10.4.e004552.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2016-209707"},{"key":"2025090312083247000_10.4.e004552.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.24180","article-title":"2020 American College of Rheumatology Guideline for the Management of 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