{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T20:23:12Z","timestamp":1790022192936,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737331200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":19,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Stockholm County Council"},{"name":"Heart-Lung Foundation"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004722","name":"Stiftelsen Lars Hiertas Minne","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004722","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Swedish Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007435","name":"\u00c5ke Wiberg Stiftelse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007435","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009800","name":"Stiftelsen Professor Nanna Svartz Fond","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009800","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004047","name":"Karolinska Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004047","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006285","name":"Magnus Bergvalls Stiftelse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006285","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Research Council of Norway","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010823","name":"Tore Nilsons Stiftelse f\u00f6r Medicinsk Forskning","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010823","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["RMD Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The objective of this study was to investigate the role of infections in the pathogenesis of Kawasaki disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The investigation was a nationwide epidemiological case-control study, comprising all cases of Kawasaki disease diagnosed in Sweden 1987\u20132018. Controls were randomly sampled from the general population, matched on sex, age, and area of residency. Data on infections were obtained from the Swedish National Patient Register, which prospectively collects data on all Swedish residents. Infections were classified by organ system, infectious agent and by temporal proximity to Kawasaki disease diagnosis date. Prescription of antibiotics and infections in family members were also considered in separate analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study comprised n=1774 (61% male) cases and n=17\u2009731 controls. Overall, a history of infections was associated with Kawasaki disease with an OR of 2.3 (95% CI 2.0 to 2.5). Respiratory, skin, urogenital and gastrointestinal tract infections were all associated with Kawasaki disease. Temporal stratification revealed a prominent clustering of infections during the weeks before a Kawasaki diagnosis, but also higher frequencies of infections several months preceding Kawasaki disease with OR ranging from 5.1 (95% CI 3.6 to 7.1) 15\u201328\u2009days to 1.3 (95% CI 1.1 to 1.6) 181\u2013365\u2009days prior Kawasaki disease. A dose\u2013response relationship was observed, with repeated infections associating with higher ORs of Kawasaki.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings suggest that infections are closely linked with Kawasaki disease, and with a wider temporal association than previously known. Further, the data imply that many different agents may induce the disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2024-005160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]],"date-time":"2025-01-21T02:45:28Z","timestamp":1737427528000},"page":"e005160","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Associations of infection burden with Kawasaki disease in a population-based setting during 30 years"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Johannes","family":"Mofors","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Rudolph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Cardiology Stockholm-Uppsala, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bodil","family":"Schiller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00f6dersjukhuset, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00f6ran","family":"Elinder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sven-Erik","family":"Sonesson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Women\u2032s and Children\u2032s Health, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00e5kan","family":"Eliasson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Cardiology Unit, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gunnar","family":"Bergman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Cardiology Stockholm-Uppsala, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0915-7245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie","family":"Wahren-Herlenius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121606200489000_11.1.e005160.1","unstructured":"Modesti AM , Plewa MC . 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