{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T13:10:48Z","timestamp":1788268248278,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,22]],"date-time":"2025-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740182400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":52,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["RMD Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Pulmonary involvement is common in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but the relative risk of pulmonary manifestations in SLE versus non-SLE subjects remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the risk of pulmonary manifestations in SLE subjects compared with matched controls.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Using data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service (2009\u20132017), we identified 6074 individuals aged \u226520 years with newly diagnosed SLE and 60\u2009740 matched controls by age and sex (1:10 ratio) who did not have prior pulmonary manifestations.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Over a mean follow-up of 9.3\u00b12.7 years, the incidence of pulmonary manifestations was 15.2 per 1000 person-years in the SLE cohort and 4.5 per 1000 person-years in the matched cohort. The SLE cohort had a significantly higher risk of pulmonary manifestations (adjusted HR (aHR) 3.26; 95% CI 2.99 to 3.56). The highest risk was observed for pulmonary hypertension (aHR 14.66; 95%\u2009CI 9.43 to 22.80), followed by interstitial lung disease (aHR 9.58; 95%\u2009CI 7.99 to 11.49), pleural disorders (aHR 3.29; 95%\u2009CI 2.84 to 3.81), pulmonary embolism (aHR 2.66; 95%\u2009CI 2.06 to 3.43), tuberculosis (aHR 2.35; 95%\u2009CI 1.88 to 2.93), acute respiratory distress syndrome and haemorrhage (aHR 1.85; 95%\u2009CI 1.51 to 2.25) and lung cancer (aHR 1.41; 95%\u2009CI 1.02 to 1.95).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Subjects with SLE have an approximately 3.3-fold higher risk of pulmonary manifestations compared with matched controls. Notably, the risks of pulmonary hypertension and interstitial lung disease are particularly elevated.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2024-005267","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,23]],"date-time":"2025-02-23T09:35:27Z","timestamp":1740303327000},"page":"e005267","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Comprehensive risk assessment for pulmonary manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus: a large-scale Korean population-based longitudinal study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Bo-Guen","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiyeong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pre-Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0758-2627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yeonghee","family":"Eun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong Won","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang-Heon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (the Republic 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