{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T23:36:12Z","timestamp":1783985772885,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766361600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":82,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PJ5 169668"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PJ5 169668"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012051","name":"Lupus Research Alliance","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["702951"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["702951"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012051","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Arthritis Society of Canada","award":["Y10-15-323"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y10-15-323"]}]},{"name":"Arthritis Society of Canada","award":["YS-15-081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YS-15-081"]}]},{"name":"Province of Ontario","award":["Early Research Award"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Early Research Award"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000241","name":"Physicians\u2019 Services Incorporated","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["16-10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16-10"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000241","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CNPq 305981\/2023-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNPq 305981\/2023-4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["RMD Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cognitive impairment (CI) is one of the most common manifestations of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This study aimed to characterise the course of CI over a 1-year period in patients with SLE and its associated factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>175 adult SLE patients from the University of Toronto Lupus Clinic were assessed at baseline, 6 months and 12 months using the American College of Rheumatology Neuropsychological Battery. CI was classified based on standardised z-scores in cognitive domains. Patients were categorised as persistent-CI (CI at all three time-points; T0, T1 and T2), never-CI (no CI at any time-point) or fluctuating-CI (CI at 1\u20132 assessments). Sociodemographic, clinical, laboratory and medication data were collected at each visit. Patients with persistent-CI were compared with never-CI patients. CI severity was determined based on the mean z-score of tests across all six domains.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Over 1 year, 46% of patients experienced CI, with 17% showing persistent-CI, 29% fluctuating-CI and 54% never-CI. Persistent-CI patients exhibited more severe CI compared with fluctuating-CI. The most frequently affected cognitive domains were learning and memory, simple attention and processing speed, and visual-spatial construction. Factors associated with CI persistence over 1 year included Black race, older age at SLE diagnosis, divorced\/separated status at T0 and higher disease-related damage at T0.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study highlights the variable nature of CI in SLE patients, with most exhibiting a stable course over 1 year. Factors such as sociodemographic characteristics and comorbidities may influence CI persistence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2025-005655","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T11:00:20Z","timestamp":1766487620000},"page":"e005655","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Intraindividual cognitive function course over time in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3571-7243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oshrat E","family":"Tayer-Shifman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Gray Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel"},{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, 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