{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T13:33:39Z","timestamp":1790948019785,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772582400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":62,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","award":["YYZX2022178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YYZX2022178"]}]},{"name":"the Dazhou Municipal Science and Technology Bureau","award":["24ZDYF0005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24ZDYF0005"]}]},{"name":"the Science & Technology Department of Sichuan Province","award":["2024ZYD0285"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024ZYD0285"]}]},{"name":"the Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Sichuan Province Fund","award":["25MSZX439"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25MSZX439"]}]},{"name":"Tianjin Key Medical Discipline (Specialty) Construction Project","award":["TJYXZDXK-009A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TJYXZDXK-009A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["RMD Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To develop and validate a predictive model for distinguishing controls (Ctr), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) based on nailfold videocapillaroscopy (NVC) image features.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 600 NVC images from 396 participants (Ctr=117, RA=337 and SLE=146) were collected and divided into training and test sets at a 7:3 ratio. Nine NVC features were extracted, and an eXtreme Gradient Boosting multiclassification model was constructed to distinguish the three groups. SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis was performed to evaluate feature importance and interpret the model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Seven NVC features showed significant differences among the groups. The model achieved macro area under the curve values of 0.96 and 0.80 in the training and test sets, respectively. SHAP analysis identified papilla shape, red blood cell aggregation, number of capillary loops, number of crossed capillary loops and subpapillary venous plexus (SVP) as key features among the groups. Each group was characterised by specific NVC patterns. In Ctr, papilla shape emerged as the key feature and showed correlations with neutrophils, white blood cells and monocytes. In patients with RA, the number of crossed capillary loops was the most prominent feature and correlated with erythrocyte sedimentation rate, complement levels (C3 and C4) and inversely with immunoglobulin G. In patients with SLE, the SVP was the dominant feature and effectively distinguished SLE from both Ctr and RA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study developed a robust multiclassification model for differentiating autoimmune diseases using NVC features. The findings enhance our understanding of microvascular alterations and provide a potential tool for clinical diagnosis and disease monitoring.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2025-006393","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T14:05:14Z","timestamp":1772633114000},"page":"e006393","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Machine learning-based multiclass model for autoimmune disease diagnosis and classification through nailfold videocapillaroscopy features"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jie","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research Center, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Congcong","family":"Jian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research Center, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, China"},{"name":"College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaojiao","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research Center, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuming","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research Center, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaochun","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research Center, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongjun","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research Center, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenzhang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research Center, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research Center, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research Center, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengzhong","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research Center, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangyi","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuqi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer and Information Science, School of Software, Southwest University, Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research Center, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research Center, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianhong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingting","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qinghua","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, People\u2019s Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Three Gorges Medical College, Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua\u2019e","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Rheumatology and Immunology, The People\u2019s Hospital of Kaizhou District, Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7337-4463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fanxin","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research Center, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, China"},{"name":"College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026030406050638000_12.1.e006393.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102743","article-title":"An updated advance of autoantibodies in autoimmune diseases","volume":"20","author":"Xiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"2026030406050638000_12.1.e006393.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-023-00720-1"},{"key":"2026030406050638000_12.1.e006393.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01952-8","article-title":"Evolving understanding of autoimmune mechanisms and new therapeutic strategies of autoimmune disorders","volume":"9","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"2026030406050638000_12.1.e006393.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01525-8"},{"key":"2026030406050638000_12.1.e006393.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmra2103726"},{"key":"2026030406050638000_12.1.e006393.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(24)00398-2"},{"key":"2026030406050638000_12.1.e006393.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2019.102400"},{"key":"2026030406050638000_12.1.e006393.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-043021-032611"},{"key":"2026030406050638000_12.1.e006393.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-021-00685-0","article-title":"Detection of microvascular changes in systemic sclerosis and other rheumatic diseases","volume":"17","author":"Cutolo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"2026030406050638000_12.1.e006393.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102458"},{"key":"2026030406050638000_12.1.e006393.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200109)44:9<2055::AID-ART355>3.0.CO;2-2"},{"key":"2026030406050638000_12.1.e006393.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-005-0007-2"},{"key":"2026030406050638000_12.1.e006393.13","first-page":"1573","article-title":"Criteria for the classification of early systemic sclerosis","volume":"28","author":"LeRoy","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2026030406050638000_12.1.e006393.14","first-page":"155","article-title":"Nailfold videocapillaroscopy assessment of microvascular damage in systemic sclerosis","volume":"27","author":"Cutolo","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2026030406050638000_12.1.e006393.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38098"},{"key":"2026030406050638000_12.1.e006393.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2008.09.001"},{"key":"2026030406050638000_12.1.e006393.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMicm2213508","article-title":"Nailfold Capillaroscopy in Rheumatic Disease","volume":"389","author":"Makol","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026030406050638000_12.1.e006393.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-017-3696-4","article-title":"Nailfold videocapillaroscopy results in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"36","author":"Sag","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"2026030406050638000_12.1.e006393.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-011-2222-2"},{"key":"2026030406050638000_12.1.e006393.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2010.138461"},{"key":"2026030406050638000_12.1.e006393.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2018-214819"},{"key":"2026030406050638000_12.1.e006393.22","first-page":"83","article-title":"Microvascular capillaroscopic abnormalities in rheumatoid arthritis patients","volume":"13","author":"Altomonte","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"2026030406050638000_12.1.e006393.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.29.3.244"},{"key":"2026030406050638000_12.1.e006393.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-019-04427-0","article-title":"Nailfold capillaroscopy and autoimmune connective tissue diseases in patients from a Portuguese nailfold capillaroscopy clinic","volume":"40","author":"Bernardino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"2026030406050638000_12.1.e006393.25","first-page":"1197","article-title":"Increased capillary permeability in systemic rheumatoid vasculitis: detection by dynamic fluorescence nailfold videomicroscopy","volume":"21","author":"Hachulla","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2026030406050638000_12.1.e006393.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-007-0397-3","article-title":"Microvascular dysfunction in rheumatoid arthritis assessed by laser Doppler anemometry: relationship to soluble adhesion molecules and extraarticular manifestations","volume":"28","author":"Meyer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"2026030406050638000_12.1.e006393.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2017.11.025","article-title":"Nailfold capillaroscopy in systemic lupus erythematosus: A systematic review and critical appraisal","volume":"17","author":"Cutolo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"2026030406050638000_12.1.e006393.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.rhu.0000191193.93720.95"},{"key":"2026030406050638000_12.1.e006393.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2010.104"},{"key":"2026030406050638000_12.1.e006393.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.120025","article-title":"MultiThal-classifier, a machine learning-based multi-class model for thalassemia diagnosis and classification","volume":"567","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"2026030406050638000_12.1.e006393.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jcim.6b00591."},{"key":"2026030406050638000_12.1.e006393.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2023.104426","article-title":"A statistical comparison between Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC), prevalence threshold, and Fowlkes-Mallows index","volume":"144","author":"Chicco","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"key":"2026030406050638000_12.1.e006393.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106153","article-title":"The application of XGBoost and SHAP to examining the factors in freight truck-related crashes: An exploratory analysis","volume":"158","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"}],"container-title":["RMD Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/rmdopen-2025-006393","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T14:05:17Z","timestamp":1772633117000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/rmdopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/rmdopen-2025-006393"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/rmdopen-2025-006393"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/rmdopen-2025-006393","relation":{},"ISSN":["2056-5933"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2056-5933","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}}}