{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T13:24:25Z","timestamp":1783085065051,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NIHR203121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR203121"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["RMD Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the association between COVID-19 booster vaccination and hospitalisation and\/or death due to COVID-19 among adults with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adults with IMIDs prescribed steroid-sparing immune-suppressing drugs in Clinical Practice Research Datalink Aurum linked to hospitalisation and mortality records were included. Cases were hospitalised for or died due to COVID-19. Controls were risk-set matched to cases. Exposures were number of COVID-19 booster vaccinations between 16 September 2021 and 13 March 2023; receipt of autumn 2021, spring 2022, autumn 2022 boosters; and time since last booster. Multivariable logistic regression was used. Adjusted OR (aOR) and 95% CIs and adjusted vaccine effectiveness (1 \u2212 aORs \u00d7 100%) were calculated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We included 2178 cases and 17\u2009750 controls (mean age 65.5 years; 60.2%\u2009women). Hospitalisation and\/or death due to COVID-19 was negatively associated with receipt of three (aOR (95%\u2009CI) 0.20 (0.15 to 0.28)), two (aOR (95%\u2009CI) 0.29 (0.23 to 0.36)) or one booster (aOR (95%\u2009CI) 0.56 (0.48 to 0.65),\u2009respectively, compared with no booster. The aOR (95%\u2009CI) across the booster cycles were: autumn 2021 (aOR (95%\u2009CI) 0.40 (0.32 to 0.50)), spring 2022 (aOR (95%\u2009CI) 0.52 (0.42 to 0.65)) and autumn 2022 (aOR (95%\u2009CI) 0.33 (0.25 to 0.43)). Hospitalisation and\/or death due to COVID-19 was negatively associated with booster vaccination within 365 days compared with no booster vaccination. There was no statistically significant association for boosters received more than 365 days ago.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>COVID-19 booster vaccination was associated with fewer hospitalisation and\/or death due to COVID-19 among adults with IMIDs. These findings support regular booster vaccination in this high-risk population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2026-006834","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T13:11:06Z","timestamp":1783084266000},"page":"e006834","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association between SARS-CoV-2 booster vaccination and hospitalisation and\/or death due to COVID-19 in adults with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: nested case\u2013control study using linked primary-care, hospitalisation and mortality data from England"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Niraj S","family":"Kukreja","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southampton, Southampton, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3859-7354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgina","family":"Nakafero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Rheumatology, City Hospital Nottingham, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"},{"name":"NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0121-4919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abhishek","family":"Abhishek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Rheumatology, City Hospital Nottingham, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"},{"name":"NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026070306100481000_12.3.e006834.1","first-page":"736","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis is getting less frequent-results of a nationwide population-based cohort study","volume":"56","author":"Abhishek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"2026070306100481000_12.3.e006834.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ket387"},{"key":"2026070306100481000_12.3.e006834.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ski2.232","article-title":"Prevalence and treatment patterns of adult atopic dermatitis in the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink","volume":"3","author":"Kleyn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Skin Health Dis"},{"key":"2026070306100481000_12.3.e006834.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1590","article-title":"National, regional, and worldwide epidemiology of psoriasis: systematic analysis and modelling study","volume":"369","author":"Parisi","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026070306100481000_12.3.e006834.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-036584","article-title":"Incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease in UK primary care: a population-based cohort study","volume":"10","author":"Pasvol","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026070306100481000_12.3.e006834.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2014-206334"},{"key":"2026070306100481000_12.3.e006834.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad148","article-title":"Susceptibility to COVID-19 and Immunologic Response to Vaccination in Patients With Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases","volume":"228","author":"Finckh","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026070306100481000_12.3.e006834.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12091027","article-title":"How Safe Are COVID-19 Vaccines in Individuals with Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases? 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