{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T10:01:33Z","timestamp":1758708093749},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sex Transm Infect"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To quantify the prevalence and burden of HIV type 2 (HIV-2) and HIV-1 RNA in the oral cavity of antiretroviral therapy-naive HIV-infected Senegalese individuals and to identify correlates of oral HIV viral loads.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cross-sectional study of 163 HIV-1 and 27 HIV-2-infected antiretroviral therapy-naive Senegalese adults.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants received clinical and oral exams and provided blood and oral wash samples for viral load and plasma CD4 count ascertainment. Logistic and interval regression models were used to identify univariate and multivariable associations between presence and level of oral HIV RNA and various immunovirologic, local and demographic factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Presence of detectable oral HIV RNA was less common in HIV-2-infected compared with HIV-1-infected study participants (33% vs 67%, OR 0.25, 95% CI 0.11 to 0.59). HIV type was no longer associated with oral shedding of HIV when plasma viral load was considered. Detection of oral HIV RNA was associated with increased plasma viral load in both HIV-1-infected and HIV-2-infected individuals (HIV-1, OR 1.89, 95% CI 1.24 to 2.61; HIV-2, OR 1.93, 95% CI 1.1 to 3.39). Oral HIV-1 detection was also associated with periodontal disease (OR 3.02, 95% CI 1.16 to 7.87).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Oral shedding of HIV-2 RNA is less common than HIV-1 RNA, a likely consequence of lower overall viral burden. Both systemic and local factors may contribute to shedding of HIV in the oral cavity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2011-050231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,16]],"date-time":"2012-01-16T05:33:09Z","timestamp":1326691989000},"page":"45-50","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["HIV shedding in the oral cavity: an assessment of HIV type, immunovirologic, demographic and oral factors"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Patricia B","family":"Pavlinac","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen E","family":"Hawes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey S","family":"Gottlieb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Awa","family":"Gaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charlotte F","family":"N'Diaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cathy W","family":"Critchlow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Papa Salif","family":"Sow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qinghua","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nancy B","family":"Kiviat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024051320524887000_88.1.45.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328315cdbc"},{"key":"2024051320524887000_88.1.45.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000218554.59531.80","article-title":"Lower levels of HIV RNA in semen in HIV-2 compared with HIV-1 infection: implications for differences in transmission","volume":"20","author":"Gottlieb","year":"2006","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2024051320524887000_88.1.45.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F51","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199612000-00001","article-title":"Analysis of HIV-1 load in blood, semen and saliva: evidence for different viral compartments in a cross-sectional and longitudinal study","volume":"10","author":"Liuzzi","year":"1996","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2024051320524887000_88.1.45.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.4.1414-1418.2000","article-title":"Quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA in different biological compartments","volume":"38","author":"Shepard","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2024051320524887000_88.1.45.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31818c7f75"},{"key":"2024051320524887000_88.1.45.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/514239"},{"key":"2024051320524887000_88.1.45.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345010800020301"},{"key":"2024051320524887000_88.1.45.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9969(99)00003-5"},{"key":"2024051320524887000_88.1.45.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1079-2104(00)70124-7"},{"key":"2024051320524887000_88.1.45.10","first-page":"927","article-title":"Search for infectious HIV in gingival crevicular fluid and saliva of advanced AIDS patients with severe periodontitis","volume":"11","author":"Chebbi","year":"1997","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2024051320524887000_88.1.45.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345000790071101"},{"key":"2024051320524887000_88.1.45.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/167.4.803"},{"key":"2024051320524887000_88.1.45.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/375741"},{"key":"2024051320524887000_88.1.45.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsim.2005.03.002"},{"key":"2024051320524887000_88.1.45.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.1996.tb00224.x"},{"key":"2024051320524887000_88.1.45.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7915856"},{"key":"2024051320524887000_88.1.45.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03520060062033"},{"key":"2024051320524887000_88.1.45.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/339295"},{"key":"2024051320524887000_88.1.45.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.160.21.3286"},{"key":"2024051320524887000_88.1.45.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X0500500404","article-title":"Multiple imputation of missing values: update of ice","volume":"5","author":"Royston","year":"2005","journal-title":"Stata Journal"},{"key":"2024051320524887000_88.1.45.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwp425"},{"key":"2024051320524887000_88.1.45.22","unstructured":"Long JS . Regression Models for Categorical and Limited Dependent Variables. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 1997."},{"key":"2024051320524887000_88.1.45.23","first-page":"221","article-title":"Interim proposal for a WHO Staging System for HIV infection and Disease","volume":"65","year":"1990","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec"},{"key":"2024051320524887000_88.1.45.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034510375290"},{"key":"2024051320524887000_88.1.45.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199712000-00001"},{"key":"2024051320524887000_88.1.45.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.77.3.190"},{"key":"2024051320524887000_88.1.45.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)92218-X","article-title":"Components of saliva inactivate human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"2","author":"Fultz","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2024051320524887000_88.1.45.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1988.0002","article-title":"Saliva inhibits HIV-1 infectivity","volume":"116","author":"Fox","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"},{"key":"2024051320524887000_88.1.45.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1989.0165"},{"key":"2024051320524887000_88.1.45.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.1990.6.1425"}],"container-title":["Sexually Transmitted Infections"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/sextrans-2011-050231","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T04:15:29Z","timestamp":1715660129000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/sti.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/sextrans-2011-050231"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,15]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/sextrans-2011-050231"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/sextrans-2011-050231","relation":{},"ISSN":["1368-4973","1472-3263"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1368-4973","type":"print"},{"value":"1472-3263","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,15]]}}}